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Tables of Contents for Computer Music
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface to the Second Edition
xi
2
Preface to the First Edition
xiii
1 Fundamentals of Computer Music
1
24
1.1 Computers
1
6
1.2 Computer Programming
7
3
1.3 Operating Systems and File Organization
10
2
1.4 The Use of a Computer in Audio Systems
12
2
1.5 Software for Computer Music
14
11
1.5A An Overview
14
2
1.5B Examples of Computer Music Languages
16
9
2 The Acoustics and Psychoacoustics of Music
25
37
2.1 Sound and the Ear
25
8
2.2 Pitch
33
5
2.3 Musical Tuning
38
4
2.4 Perception of Amplitude
42
2
2.5 Temporal Relationships
44
2
2.6 Classical Theory of Timbre
46
8
2.7 Modern Studies of Timbre
54
4
2.8 Music Cognition
58
4
3 Fundamentals of Digital Audio
62
10
3.1 Sampling of Signals
62
4
3.2 Quantization Errors
66
2
3.3 Arithmetic Considerations
68
2
3.4 Data Rates
70
2
4 Synthesis Fundamentals
72
43
4.1 Computer Instruments, Unit Generators, and Sound-Synthesis Techniques
72
1
4.2 Signal Flowcharts
73
2
4.3 The Oscillator
75
4
4.4 Definition of the Waveform
79
1
4.5 Generating Functions of Time
80
5
4.6 Instrument Definition in Two Typical Sound-Synthesis Languages
85
2
4.7 Additive Synthesis
87
3
4.8 Modulation
90
5
4.8A Amplitude Modulation
90
2
4.8B Ring Modulation
92
2
4.8C Vibrato Simulation by Frequency Modulation
94
1
4.9 Noise Generators
95
4
4.10 Synthesis by Means of Spectral Interpolation
99
1
4.11 Instrument Designs
100
8
4.11A Translating Flowchart Diagrams into Music Synthesis Code
101
2
4.11B Instrument Design Examples
103
5
4.12 Compositional Examples
108
7
5 Synthesis Using Distortion Techniques
115
54
5.1 FM Synthesis
115
24
5.1A Basic Technique
115
2
5.1B The Spectrum of Simple FM
117
5
5.1C Obtaining Dynamic Spectra
122
1
5.1D Simple FM Instrument Designs
123
4
5.1E Use of Two Carrier Oscillators
127
1
5.1F Double-Carrier FM Instruments
128
3
5.1G Complex Modulating Waves
131
4
5.1H FM Instrument with Complex Modulation
135
1
5.1I Compositional Examples
135
4
5.2 Synthesis by Waveshaping
139
19
5.2A Basic Technique
139
2
5.2B Transfer Functions
141
3
5.2C Calculating an Output Spectrum from a Transfer Function
144
2
5.2D Selecting a Transfer Function
146
3
5.2E Considerations for Dynamic Spectra
149
1
5.2F Implementation of a Nonlinear Processor
150
1
5.2G Amplitude Scaling
151
1
5.2H Example Waveshaping Instruments
152
3
5.2I Use of Ring Modulation with Waveshapers
155
1
5.2J A Waveshaping Instrument Using Ring Modulation
156
1
5.2K Use of a High-Pass Filter
156
2
5.3 Synthesis Using Discrete Summation Formulas
158
11
5.3A Band-Limited Pulse Generator
160
3
5.3B Pulse Generator with a Dynamically Controlled Spectrum
163
1
5.3C Asymmetrical FM Synthesis
164
5
6 Subtractive Synthesis
169
51
6.1 Sources
169
2
6.2 Introduction to Filtering
171
3
6.3 A General-Purpose Filter
174
3
6.4 Stopband Behavior
177
1
6.5 Filter Combinations
178
5
6.6 Adjustable Digital Filters
183
1
6.7 Effect of Filtering in the Time Domain
184
2
6.8 Subtractive Instruments That Use Noise Sources
186
2
6.9 Subtractive Instruments That Use Periodic Sources
188
6
6.10 Compositional Examples
194
5
6.11 Digital Filters
199
2
6.12 Nonrecursive Filters
201
8
6.12A Introduction and Design Examples
201
4
6.12B Frequency Sampling Method
205
3
6.12C Transforming between Low-Pass and High-Pass Filters
208
1
6.13 Recursive Filters
209
11
6.13A Basic Recursive Filter Designs
210
2
6.13B Pole-Zero Filter
212
2
6.13C Imitating Analog Filter Designs Using the Bilinear Transform
214
6
7 Analysis-Based Synthesis Techniques
220
42
7.1 Speech Synthesis
220
24
7.1A Speech Physiology
221
1
7.1B Acoustic Phonetics
222
3
7.1C Computer Analysis of Speech
225
1
7.1D Computer Synthesis of Speech
226
2
7.1E Formant Synthesis by Rule
228
5
7.1F Synthesis by Analysis of Speech
233
1
7.1G Cross-Synthesis
234
1
7.1H Editing Analyses of Speech
235
3
7.1I Compositional Applications
238
4
7.1J Concept of Linear Prediction
242
2
7.2 Short-Term Fourier Transform
244
7
7.3 Phase Vocoder
251
6
7.3A Basic Technique
251
2
7.3B Musical Uses of the Phase Vocoder
253
1
7.3C Compositional Examples
254
3
7.4 Wavelets
257
5
8 Granular Synthesis
262
15
8.1 Grain Production
262
3
8.2 Synchronous Granular Synthesis
265
4
8.3 Asynchronous Granular Synthesis
269
2
8.4 Granulation of Sampled Sounds
271
1
8.5 Compositional Examples
271
6
9 Physical Modeling
277
12
9.1 Approaches to Physical Modeling
277
1
9.2 Excitation
278
2
9.3 Waveguide Filters
280
2
9.4 Physical Model of the Vocal Tract
282
1
9.5 Mechanical Models
283
3
9.6 Modal Models
286
1
9.7 Compositional Example
287
2
10 Reverberation, Auditory Localization, And Other Sound-Processing Techniques
289
52
10.1 Reverberation
289
19
10.1A Natural Reverberation
289
3
10.1B Digitally Produced Reverberation
292
10
10.1C Variations of Schroeder Reverberators
302
1
10.1D Sound Modification Techniques Using Variable Delay Lines
303
1
10.1E Synthesis Technique Using a Delay Line
304
4
10.2 Auditory Localization
308
14
10.2A Localization Cues from Real Sources
308
3
10.2B Simulation of Directional Cues
311
3
10.2C Simulation of Distance Cues
314
1
10.2D Creating a Listening Space
314
2
10.2E Motion of Sound Sources
316
1
10.2F Designs for Sound Localization
317
5
10.3 Modification of Sampled Sound
322
19
10.3A Musique Concrete
322
7
10.3B Compositional Examples
329
12
11 Composition with Computers
341
61
11.1 Aleatoric Composition with Computers
341
41
11.1A Random Processes
341
1
11.1B Probability and Random Processes
342
14
11.1C Examples of the Use of Random Variables
356
5
11.1D Conditional Probabilities
361
3
11.1E Uses of Transition Tables
364
1
11.1F Random Walks
365
3
11.1G Fractional Noises
368
2
11.1H Examples of the Use of Fractional Noises
370
2
11.1I Use of Chaotic Responses in Composition
372
2
11.1J Compositional Examples
374
8
11.2 Deterministic Composition with Computers
382
20
11.2A Introduction
382
1
11.2B Motivic Music with Computers
382
6
11.2C Compositional Uses of Computers with Motivic Music
388
1
11.2D Canonic Imitation with Computers
388
3
11.2E Serial Music with Computers
391
7
11.2F Compositional Example of Serial Music
398
4
12 Real-Time Performance of Computer Music
402
27
12.1 Modes of Real-Time Computer Music
402
2
12.2 Performance Devices
404
3
12.3 Standard Interfaces for Musical Devices
407
5
12.4 Interactive Performance
412
4
12.4A Extracting Parameters from Musical Sound
413
2
12.4B Approaches to Interactive Performance
415
1
12.5 Compositional Examples
416
13
Glossary
429
10
Index
439