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Tables of Contents for Radiation Biophysics
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface to the Second Edition
xxiii
2
Preface to the First Edition
xxv
2
Introduction: An Historical Perspective
xxvii
 
Chapter 1 Quantities, Units, and Definitions
1
10
Quantities and Units
1
3
Fundamental Units
2
1
Derived Units
2
1
Special Units
2
2
Radiation Measurement
4
5
Definitions
4
1
Directly Ionizing Particles
4
1
Indirectly Ionizing Particles
4
1
Gamma Rays and X-Rays
4
1
Quantities and Units
5
4
Exposure
5
1
Dose (Absorbed Dose)
5
1
Energy Imparted
5
1
Equivalent Dose
6
1
Relative Biological Effectiveness
6
1
Particle Fluence
7
1
Particle Flux Density
7
1
Energy Fluence
7
1
Energy Flux Density
8
1
Kerma
8
1
Linear Energy Transfer
8
1
Charged Particle Equilibrium
9
1
Radioactivity Measurements
9
1
Decay Constant
9
1
Activity
10
1
References
10
1
Chapter 2 Electromagnetic Radiation: Its Nature and Properties
11
16
Introduction
11
4
Quantum Theory of Electromagnetic Radiation
15
2
Special Relativity
17
2
Mass-Energy Equivalence: Einstein's Formulations
18
1
Relativistic Considerations of Mass and Velocity
19
1
Atomic Structure
20
4
Thomson Charge Cloud Model
20
1
Rutherford's Planetary Model of the Atom
21
1
Rutherford-Bohr Model of the Atom
21
3
de Broglie Wave Theory
24
1
References
25
1
Suggested Additional Reading
25
1
Problems
26
1
Chapter 3 Radioactivity
27
23
Introduction
27
1
Unit of Radioactivity
27
1
Law of Radioactive Decay
28
2
Definition of Activity
29
1
Mean Life
29
1
Radioactive Decay of Mixtures
30
4
Chain Decay
30
1
General Cases for Chain Decay
31
1
Secular Equilibrium
32
1
Transient Equilibrium
32
2
Nonequilibrium
34
1
Branching Decay Processes
34
2
Nomenclature of Radioactive Decay
36
1
Charting Decay Schemes
37
1
Nuclear Stability
38
1
Nuclear Mass and Binding Energy
39
2
Mass Defect
39
1
Mass Decrement
40
1
Radioactive Decay by Alpha-Particle Emission
41
1
Properties of Alpha Decay
42
1
Negative Electron Emission Decay
42
1
Positive Electron Emission Decay
43
2
Annihilation Reaction
44
1
Decay by Electron Capture
45
1
K-Capture Fluorescent Radiation
46
1
Internal Conversion
46
2
Auger Electron
47
1
References
48
1
Suggested Additional Reading
48
1
Problems
48
2
Chapter 4 Interaction of Radiation with Matter
50
28
Introduction
50
1
Linear Attenuation Coefficient
51
5
"Good" and "Bad" Geometry
53
1
Mass, Electronic, and Atomic Attenuation Coefficients
54
1
Definition of Cross Section
55
1
Energy Transfer and Energy Absorption
56
2
Mechanisms of Energy Transfer from Gamma Rays
58
4
Photoelectric Scattering Process
58
3
Energy Transferred-Energy Absorbed Relationships: Photoelectric Scattering
61
1
Spatial Distribution of the Emission of Photoelectrons
62
1
Compton Scattering Process: Incoherent Scattering
62
9
Limits of Energy Transferred
65
1
Energy Absorbed
66
1
Summary of the Compton Process
67
1
Scattering Coefficients
67
3
Energy of Compton Electrons
70
1
Electron Binding Energy Effects
70
1
Pair Production
71
3
Annihilation Reaction
72
1
Energy Transferred and Energy Absorbed
73
1
Summary of the Pair Production Process
73
1
Triplet Production
74
1
Variation of Cross Section with Energy
74
1
Bremsstrahlung-Radiative Energy Loss
74
2
References
76
1
Suggested Additional Reading
76
1
Problems
76
3
Chapter 5 Energy Transfer Processes
78
26
Introduction
78
1
Importance of the Compton Process in Tissue Systems
79
4
Total Attenuation Coefficient
80
3
Total Attenuation Coefficients for Mixtures
83
1
Interaction of Charged Particles with Matter
83
4
Final Steps in Energy Absorption
87
2
Multiple Collision Energy Transfer
87
1
Photoelectric Process
88
1
Bremsstrahlung Generation
88
1
Direct Collisions
89
1
Life History of a Fast Electron
89
1
Dose
89
1
Absorbed Dose and Kerma
90
2
Neutron Interactions in Tissue
92
4
Elastic Scatter
93
1
Inelastic Scatter
94
1
Nonelastic Scatter
94
1
Neutron Capture
95
1
Spallation
95
1
Kerma and Dose From Neutrons
96
1
Track Structure and Microdosimetry
96
6
Rossi Microdosimetric Formulation
97
1
Linear Energy Transfer
98
1
Specification of Radiation Quality
98
2
Local Energy Density (Z)
100
1
Significance of D(Y) and D(Z)
101
1
References
102
1
Suggested Additional Reading
102
1
Problems
102
2
Chapter 6 Radiation Chemistry
104
28
Introduction
104
1
Stochastic Nature of Energy Transfer
104
3
Spurs, Blobs, and Tracks
105
2
Radiation Chemistry of Water
107
2
Primary Products of Radiolysis
107
1
Further Radical Chemistry
108
1
Recombination
109
1
Chemical Stage
109
1
G Value: Expression of Yield in Radiation Chemistry
109
1
Reactions in the Track: The Role of Scavengers
110
3
Fricke Dosimeter
111
1
Interpretation of the Fricke Model
112
1
Direct and Indirect Action
113
3
Direct Action
114
1
Molecular Weight by Direct Action
114
2
Indirect Action
116
1
Recombination, Restitution, and Repair
116
1
Recombination
116
1
Restitution
117
1
Macromolecular Target in the Cell
117
2
Evidence for DNA as the Target Molecule
118
1
Reactions of the Products of Water Radiolysis
119
3
Reactions with DNA
120
2
Chain Scission in DNA
122
2
Role of DNA Configuration
124
1
Chromatin Structure
124
1
DNA Structure and Radiation Damage
124
1
Repair of DNA
125
3
Excision Repair
126
1
Error-Prone Repair
127
1
Repair of Double-Strand Breaks
127
1
Repair Fidelity
128
1
Fidelity of Single-Strand Break Repair
128
1
Recombinational Repair Fidelity
129
1
References
129
1
Suggested Additional Reading
130
1
Problems
130
2
Chapter 7 Theories and Models for Cell Survival
132
37
Introduction
132
1
Clonogenic Survival
132
1
Lea's Target Theory Model
133
2
Basic Assumptions
134
1
Biological Survival Curves
135
1
Exponential Survival Curve
135
1
Threshold-Type Survival Curve
135
1
Development of the Target Theory Model
136
5
Assumptions
137
1
Derivation
138
1
General Survival Equation
139
1
Single-Hit Model
140
1
Multitarget-Single-Hit Survival
141
3
Assumptions
141
1
Properties of the Multitarget-Single-Hit Function
142
1
Quasi-Threshold Dose
143
1
Single-Target-Multihit Model
143
1
Shortcomings of the Multitarget-Single-Hit Model
144
1
Molecular Models for Cell Death
144
2
Need for an Alternative Model
144
1
Role of Enzymatic Repair
145
1
Molecular Theory of Radiation Action
146
5
Assumptions
146
1
Development of the Molecular Model
147
1
Two Mechanisms for DNA Damage
147
1
Derivation of the Molecular Model
148
2
Linear-Quadratic Formulation
150
1
Theory of Dual Radiation Action
151
4
Background
151
1
Derivation
152
1
Assumptions
152
2
Survival Equation
154
1
Significance of the Dual-Radiation-Action Model
154
1
Repair-Misrepair Model of Cell Survival
155
5
Assumptions
155
1
Formulation of the Repair-Misrepair Model
155
3
Eurepair and Misrepair
158
1
Case I: Linear Eurepair-Quadratic Misrepair
158
1
Comparison with the Conventional Multitarget-Single-Hit Model
159
1
Case II: Linear Repair Is Not Always Eurepair
160
1
Lethal-Potentially Lethal Model
160
5
Assumptions
160
2
During Irradiation
162
1
After Irradiation
162
1
Survival Equation
163
1
Low-Dose-Rate Approximation
164
1
High-Dose-Rate Approximation
164
1
Linear-Quadratic Approximation
165
1
Summation
165
1
References
166
1
Suggested Additional Reading
167
1
Problems
167
3
Chapter 8 Survival Curve and Its Significance
169
25
Introduction
169
1
Technique of the Clonogenic Survival Curve
170
2
Determination of the Surviving Fraction
171
1
Feeder Cells
171
1
Characteristics of the Mammalian Cell Survival Curve
172
2
Significance of the Shoulder on the Survival Curve
174
3
Repair of Sublethal Damage
177
5
Interpretation of Sublethal Damage
178
1
High and Low Linear Energy Transfer and Sublethal Damage
179
3
Repair of Potentially Lethal Damage
182
3
Expression of Potentially Lethal Damage Repair
183
1
Fixation of Potentially Lethal Damage with Hypertonic Saline
183
2
Cell Survival and Cell Age
185
4
Life Cycle of the Cell
185
1
Cell Age and Radiosensitivity
186
3
Radiation Induced Cell Progression Delay
189
1
Mechanisms: Radiation Sensitivity, Progression Delay, and the Cell Cycle
190
1
Cell Cycle and Radiation Sensitivity
190
1
Cell Progression Delay
190
1
References
191
1
Suggested Additional Reading
192
1
Problems
192
2
Chapter 9 Modification of the Radiation Response
194
28
Introduction
194
1
Role of Water
195
2
Temperature and Radiation Damage
197
3
T Less Than 100 K
199
1
T Greater Than 100 K and Less Than 170 K
199
1
T Greater Than 170 K and Less Than 420 K
199
1
Oxygen Effect
200
10
Oxygen Enhancement Ratio
202
1
Effect of Oxygen Concentration
203
4
Time Dependence of the Oxygen Effect
207
2
Mechanisms of the Oxygen Effect
209
1
Thiols and Modification of Radiation Response
210
5
Protection by Exogenous Thiols
212
1
Synthetic Organic Thiols
213
2
Nitroaromatic Radiation Sensitizers
215
2
Mechanism of Action of the Nitroaromatics
217
1
Sensitization by 5-Halogen-Substituted Pyrimidines
217
2
References
219
1
Suggested Additional Reading
220
1
Problems
220
2
Chapter 10 Radiation Biology of Normal and Neoplastic Tissue Systems
222
53
Introduction
222
1
Cell Death in Mammalian Tissues
223
1
Nature of Cell Populations in Tissue
224
2
Cell Population Kinetics and Radiation Damage
226
2
Growth Fraction and Its Significance
226
2
Cell Kinetics in Normal Tissues and Tumors
228
1
Models for Cell Survival in Normal Tissues and Tumors
229
1
Models for Radiobiological Sensitivity of Neoplastic Tissues
230
6
Hewitt Dilution Assay
230
3
Lung Colony Assay System
233
1
Tumor Growth and Tumor "Cure" Models
234
2
Tumor Volume versus Time
234
2
TCD(50), Tumor Cure
236
1
Radiobiological Responses of Tumors
236
2
Hypoxia and Radiosensitivity in Tumor Cells
238
4
Assay Models for Normal Tissues in Vivo
242
13
Acute Response of Normal Tissue
242
1
Hematopoietic System: The Colony Forming Unit
243
2
Radiation Sensitivity of the Colony Forming Unit
245
2
Gastrointestinal Crypt Cell Assay
247
1
Radiation Sensitivity of Gastrointestinal Crypt Cells
248
2
Spermatogenesis and in Vivo Assays
250
4
Testis Weight Loss Assay
251
1
Testis Radiosensitivity-Weight Loss Methods
251
2
Tubular Regeneration Clonogenic Assay
253
1
Summary of the Radiosensitivity of the Testis
254
1
Assays for the Radiosensitivity of Skin
254
1
Radiation Sensitivity of Skin
255
1
Acute Lethal Response in Mammals
255
8
Principal Organ System Effects
256
5
Blood Forming Organs
256
3
Gastrointestinal Tract
259
1
Lymphoid System
260
1
Central Nervous System
260
1
Acute Radiation Syndrome in Man
261
1
Effects of Dose Rate or Protraction
262
1
Radiation Effects on the Embryo and Fetus
263
7
Developmental Sequence and Radiation Effects on Prenatal Development in the Rodent
264
4
Preimplantation Period
265
2
Period of Organogenesis
267
1
Stage of Fetal Growth
267
1
Survival of the Murine Conceptus
268
1
Fertilized Zygote
268
1
Embryo
268
1
Interpretation of Animal Findings for Human Subjects
269
1
Severe Mental Retardation
269
1
Microcephaly
269
1
References
270
2
Suggested Additional Reading
272
1
Problems
272
3
Chapter 11 Late Effects of Radiation on Normal Tissues: Nonstochastic Effects
275
33
Introduction
275
2
Stochastic versus Nonstochastic Effects
277
2
Radiation Induced Late Pathology in Organ Systems
279
4
Vascular Endothelium as the Target Tissue
280
2
Role of Stromal and Parenchymal Damage
282
1
Functional Subunits
282
1
Late Effects in Normal Tissue Systems and Organs
283
10
Gastrointestinal Tract
284
2
Esophagus
284
1
Stomach
285
1
Small and Large Intestine
285
1
Rectum
286
1
Skin
286
2
Liver
288
1
Kidneys
288
1
Lung
289
1
Central Nervous System
290
2
Brain
290
1
Spinal Cord
291
1
Eye
292
1
Cataractogenesis
292
1
Threshold for Cataractogenesis
292
1
Fractionation and Protraction of Exposure in the Modification of Late Radiation Injury
293
12
First Appearance of the Power Law
294
1
Strandqvist Relationship
294
1
Nominal Standard Dose (NSD)
295
1
Summary of the Power Law Relationships
296
1
Repair and Repopulation after Irradiation
297
3
Douglas and Fowler Fe Formulation
300
3
Significance of the XXX/XXX Ratio
303
1
Withers Extension of the Fe Model
304
1
References
305
2
Suggested Additional Reading
307
1
Problems
307
1
Chapter 12 Stochastic Effects--Radiation Carcinogenesis
308
36
Introduction
308
1
Historical
308
1
Stochastic versus Nonstochastic Effects
309
1
Arguments for and against the Stochastic Model
310
1
Bases for Our Knowledge of Radiation Carcinogenesis
310
1
Radiation Carcinogenesis in Experimental Animals
311
9
Clonal Theory of Carcinogenesis
314
2
Latency for Tumor Development
316
1
Initiation-Promotion Hypothesis
317
1
Oncogenes in Animal and Human Tumors
318
1
Dose-Rate Effects
319
1
Transformed Cell in Vitro
320
8
In Vitro Cell Transformation Systems
320
3
Dose-Response Relationship for Transformation
323
2
Mouse Cell Lines
323
1
Hamster Embryo Fibroblast System
324
1
Rodent-Human Cell Differences
324
1
Effects of Dose Fractionation and Dose Rate
325
1
High Linear Energy Transfer Radiation Effects
325
1
Promoters and Cell Transformation
326
1
In Vivo-in Vitro Assay Systems
327
1
Role of Viruses in Carcinogenesis
328
1
Radiation Carcinogenesis in Human Populations
329
3
Occupational Exposure
329
1
Medical Exposure
330
1
Nuclear Weapon Detonation and Accident Related Exposures
330
2
Approaches to Risk Estimation
332
6
Shape of the Dose-Response Relationship
332
2
Linear Dose-Response Relationship
332
1
Linear-Quadratic-Dose-Response Relationship
333
1
Latent Period
334
1
Absolute Risk versus Relative Risk
335
3
Absolute Risk
336
1
Relative Risk
337
1
Organ-Specific Radiogenic Cancer in Human Beings
338
2
References
340
3
Suggested Additional Reading
343
1
Chapter 13 Stochastic Effects--Genetic Effects of Ionizing Radiation
344
21
Introduction
344
1
Structural Changes in Chromosomes
345
8
Chromosome Breakage
346
6
Single-Hit Breakage
348
1
Inversion of the Fragment or Rejoining at the Wrong End
348
1
Two-Hit Breakage
349
1
Multiple Hits in Replicated Chromosomes
350
2
Breakage Hypothesis and Exchange Hypothesis
352
1
Gene Mutations
353
3
Genomic Instability
356
1
Gene Mutations in Higher Organisms
357
6
Muller's Sex-Linked Recessive Test
358
2
Specific Locus Test in Mice
360
3
Male Gamete
362
1
Female Gamete
362
1
Summary
363
1
References
363
1
Suggested Additional Reading
364
1
Chapter 14 High Linear Energy Transfer Radiation Effects
365
28
Introduction
365
1
Stopping Power and Linear Energy Transfer
366
2
Linear Energy Transfer
366
2
Bragg Peak of Ionization
368
5
Continuous Slowing Down Approximation
369
1
Bragg Peak
370
2
Formulations for Linear Energy Transfer
372
1
Significance of Linear Energy Transfer to Biological Damage
373
2
Direct versus Indirect Action
374
1
Relative Biological Effectiveness
375
2
Dependence of RBE on LET
377
3
Biophysical Descriptions of RBE/LET Relationships
377
3
Cell Cycle Dependence of Radiosensitivity
380
1
Oxygen Effect and High Linear Energy Transfer
381
2
High Linear Energy Transfer, Dose Rate, and Fractionation
383
1
Late Effects of High Linear Energy Transfer Radiation
384
7
Carcinogenesis
384
3
Neutron Carcinogenesis
384
1
Heavy Ion Carcinogenesis
385
1
Particle Fluence as a Dose Parameter
385
2
Cell Transformation and High Linear Energy Transfer
387
2
Cataractogenesis
389
2
Neutron Cataractogenesis
390
1
Heavy Ion Cataractogenesis
390
1
References
391
1
Suggested Additional Reading
392
1
Chapter 15 Metabolism and Biological Effects of Deposited Radionuclides
393
31
Introduction
393
1
Pathways of Entry of Radionuclides
394
6
Ingestion
397
1
Inhalation
398
2
Metabolism of Radionuclides
400
1
Determination of Dose with Internally Deposited Radionuclides
401
10
Absorbed Dose
403
2
Absorbed Dose under Equilibrium Conditions
404
1
Absorbed Fraction and Specific Absorbed Fraction
405
1
Reciprocity Theorem
405
1
Biological Realities of Dose Estimation
405
6
Biological Half-Life
406
2
Absorbed Fraction and Specific Absorbed Fraction in Actual Dosimetry
408
1
Compartmental Analysis
409
2
Relative Biological Effectiveness and Internally Deposited Radionuclides
411
1
Radionuclides of Biological Importance
412
10
Tritium
412
1
Noble Gases: Krypton and Radon
413
1
Alkali Metals: Sodium, Potassium, Cesium and Rubidium
413
1
Sodium
413
1
Potassium
414
1
Cesium
414
1
Rubidium
414
1
Alkaline Earth Elements: Beryllium, Magnesium, Calcium, Strontium, Barium, and Radium
414
4
Strontium
415
1
Barium
415
1
Radium
415
1
Comparison of the Effects of Radium and Strontium
416
1
Radium Dial Painters
416
2
Halogen Elements
418
1
Iodine
418
1
Uranium and Transuranic Elements
419
3
Uranium
419
1
Plutonium
420
2
Special Problems with Radon and Its Daughters
422
1
References
422
1
Suggested Additional Reading
423
1
Problems
423
1
Chapter 16 Radiation Exposure from Natural Background and Other Sources
424
37
Introduction
424
5
Background and Source Terms
424
1
Dose Equivalent
425
1
Equivalent Dose
426
1
Effective Dose
426
1
Committed Equivalent Dose and Committed Effective Dose
427
1
Collective Dose
428
1
Risk Estimates for the Tissue Weighting Factor
429
1
Exposure Sources
430
1
Exposure to Natural Background Radiation and Radioactivity
431
5
Naturally Occurring Radionuclides
432
2
Primordial Radionuclides
433
1
Nonseries Primordial Radionuclides
433
1
Cosmogenic Radionuclides
433
1
Dose from External Sources
434
2
Outdoor Exposure
434
1
Indoor Exposure from External Sources
435
1
Dose from Inhaled Radionuclides
436
4
Radon-222 as a Source of Internal Exposure
437
2
Thorium Series and Its Decay Products
439
1
Nonseries Radionuclides
440
1
Exposure from Cosmic Rays and Cosmogenic Radionuclides
440
2
Cosmic Rays
440
2
Cosmogenic Radionuclides
442
1
Summary of Exposure from Natural Sources
442
2
Exposure from Medical Applications
444
5
Diagnostic X-Ray Examinations
445
1
Therapeutic Radiology
446
1
Nuclear Medicine Procedures
447
2
Population Exposure from Civilian Nuclear Power Operations
449
6
Nuclear Fuel Cycle
449
3
Mining
449
1
Extraction, Milling, and Refining
450
1
Production of Uranium Hexafluoride
450
1
Enrichment
450
1
Fuel Fabrication
450
1
Power Generation
451
1
Fuel Reprocessing
451
1
Low Level Waste Disposal
451
1
Spent Fuel Storage
451
1
High Level Waste Disposal
452
1
Transportation
452
1
Estimation of Population Dose
452
2
Committed Equivalent Dose
452
1
Collective Effective Dose Commitment
453
1
Maximally Exposed Individual
453
1
Estimated Population Exposures
454
1
Radiation Exposure from Consumer Products
455
3
Natural Radioactive Products
456
1
Tobacco Products
456
1
Other Contributors
457
1
Television Receivers, Video Display Terminals, and Airport X-Ray Machines
457
1
Other Consumer Products
458
1
Summary: Consumer Products
458
1
References
458
2
Suggested Additional Reading
460
1
Appendix Useful Physical Constants and Conversion Factors
461
2
Author Index
463
4
Subject Index
467