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Tables of Contents for Multimedia Communication Systems
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
xiii
Acknowledgments
xvii
List of Acronyms
xix
Multimedia Communications
1
12
Introduction
1
3
Multimedia Communication Model
4
1
Elements of Multimedia Systems
4
1
User Requirements
5
2
Network Requirements
7
1
Packet Transfer Concept
8
1
Multimedia Requirements and ATM Networks
9
1
Multimedia Terminals
10
2
Concluding Remarks
12
1
Audio-Visual Integration
13
22
Introduction
13
1
Media Interaction
14
2
Biomodality of Human Speech
16
2
Lip Reading
18
3
Speech-Driven Talking Heads
21
2
Lip Synchronization
23
1
Lip Tracking
24
3
Audio-to-Visual Mapping
27
3
Classification-Based Conversion
27
1
HMM for Audio-to-Visual Conversion
28
1
Audio and Visual Integration for Lip-Reading Applications
28
1
Audio-Visual Information Preprocessing
29
1
Pattern-Recognition Strategies
29
1
Integration Strategy
29
1
Bimodal Person Verification
30
1
Joint Audio-Video Coding
31
1
Concluding Remarks
32
3
Multimedia Processing in Communications
35
70
Introduction
37
1
Digital Media
37
3
Signal-Processing Elements
40
2
Challenges of Multimedia Information Processing
42
9
Pre and Postprocessing
44
1
Speech, Audio and Acoustic Processing for Multimedia
44
2
Video Signal Processing
46
2
Content-Based Image Retrieval
48
1
Texture-Based Methods
48
1
Shape-Based Methods
49
1
Color-Based Methods
49
2
Perceptual Coding of Digital Audio Signals
51
7
General Perceptual Audio-Coding Architecture
51
2
Review of Psychoacoustic Fundamentals
53
1
Absolute Threshold of Hearing
53
1
Critical Band Frequency Analysis
54
1
Simultaneous Masking and the Spread of Masking
55
1
Temporal Masking
56
1
PE
57
1
Transform Audio Coders
58
8
Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain
59
1
Perceptual Transform Coder
60
1
Hybrid Coder
61
1
Transform Coding Using DFT Interblock Redundancy
62
1
ASPEC
62
1
Differential Perceptual Audio Coder
63
1
DFT Noise Substitution
64
1
DCT with Vector Quantization
65
1
MDCT
65
1
MDCT with VQ
66
1
Audio Subband Coders
66
3
Wavelet Decompositions
67
2
DWT-based Subband Coders
69
1
Speech Coder Attributes
69
2
CD Audio Coding for Multimedia Applications
71
1
Image Coding
71
3
Video Coding
74
4
TC and Subband Coding (SBC)
74
1
Predictive Coding
75
1
Motion-Compensated Video Coding
76
2
Watermarking
78
7
Watermarking Techniques
80
1
Main Features of Watermarking
81
2
Application Domains
83
2
Organization, Storage and Retrieval Issues
85
3
Streaming Issues for Speech and Audio
85
2
Streaming Issues for Video
87
1
Signal Processing for Networked Multimedia
88
1
NNs for Multimedia Processing
89
5
NNs for Optimal Visualization
90
1
Neural Techniques for Motion Estimation
91
1
NN Application to Face Detection and Recognition
91
1
Personal Authentication by Fusing Image and Speech
92
1
Subject-Based Retrieval for Image and Video Databases
93
1
Face-Based Video Indexing and Browsing
94
1
Multimedia Processors
94
8
Image-Processing Hardware and Software
95
1
Multimedia Processors' Classification
96
2
General Purpose Microprocessors
98
3
Microprocessors for Embedded Applications
101
1
Concluding Remarks
102
3
Distributed Multimedia Systems
105
34
Introduction
105
2
Main Features of a DMS
107
1
Resource Management of DMS
107
1
Networking
108
14
IP Networking
109
1
IP Multicast
110
1
Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP)
111
1
RTP
112
1
Integrated Management Architecture for IP-Based Networks
112
2
Performance Management
114
1
Fault Management
114
1
Configuration Management
115
1
Security Management
115
1
Accounting and Billing Management
116
1
ATM
116
3
Integration of IP and ATM
119
1
Real-Time Multimedia over ATM (RMOA)
120
2
Multimedia Operating Systems
122
2
CPU Management
123
1
Memory Management
123
1
I/O Management
124
1
File System Management
124
1
Distributed Multimedia Servers
124
2
Multimedia Packing
125
1
Distributed Multimedia Applications
126
11
ITV
127
1
VoD
128
3
Telecooperation
131
1
Telecooperation Infrastructure
132
1
Telecooperative Applications
133
2
Telemedicine
135
1
Hypermedia Applications
135
1
Basic Features of a Hypermedia System
135
1
The Web
136
1
Concluding Remarks
137
2
Multimedia Communication Standards
139
234
Introduction
140
2
MPEG Approach to Multimedia Standardization
142
4
MPEG-1 (Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio)
146
8
The Basic MPEG-1 Interframe Coding Scheme
149
3
Conditional Replenishment
152
1
Specific Storage Media Functionalities
152
1
Rate Control
153
1
MPEG-2 (Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio)
154
22
MPEG-2 Video
157
1
MPEG-2 Video---The Basics
158
5
MPEG-2 Video Syntax
163
1
MPEG-2 Video Scalability
163
3
MPEG-2 Video: Profiles and Levels
166
1
MPEG-2 Audio
167
4
MPEG-2 Systems
171
4
MPEG-2 DSM-CC
175
1
MPEG-4---Coding of Audiovisual Objects
176
86
Overview of MPEG-4: Motivations, Achievement, Process and Requirements
178
2
Media Objects
180
2
MPEG-4 Version 1
182
1
MPEG-4 Version 2
183
5
Extensions to MPEG-4 Beyond Version 2
188
1
Profiles in MPEG-4
189
3
Verification Testing: Checking MPEG's Performance
192
1
MPEG-4 Standardization Process
193
1
Requirements for MPEG-4
194
1
MPEG-4 Systems
195
1
MPEG-4 Systems Architecture
196
3
Elementary Stream Management (ESM)
199
2
Auxiliary Descriptors and Streams
201
2
Structuring Content by Grouping of Streams
203
1
Managing Content Complexity
203
1
Distributed Content-Handling Considerations
204
1
System Decoder Model (SDM) for ES Synchronization
204
1
MPEG-4 Systems BIFS
205
5
DMIF
210
3
DMIF Computational Model
213
1
MPEG-4 Video
214
2
Shape-Coding Tools for MPEG-4 Natural Video
216
1
Motion Estimation and Compensation
217
1
Texture-Coding Tools
218
2
Multifunctional Coding
220
1
Sprite Coding
221
1
Scalability
221
2
Error Resilience
223
1
Relationship Between Natural and Synthetic Video Coding
223
2
Synthetic Images
225
1
Integration of Face Animation with Natural Video
226
1
FAPs
227
5
Face Model
232
1
Coding of FAPs
233
2
FIT
235
1
Integration of Face Animation and Text-to-Speech (TTS) Synthesis
235
1
BIFS for Facial Animation
236
1
2D Mesh Coding
237
1
VO Tracking
238
1
2D-Mesh Object Encoder/Decoder
239
4
MPEG-4 Audio
243
1
MPEG-4 Natural Audio Coding
244
1
General Audio Coding (Advanced Audio Coding Based)
244
4
Twin VQ
248
1
Speech Coding in MPEG-4 Audio
248
4
Scalability in MPEG-4 Natural Audio
252
1
Synthetic Audio in MPEG-4
252
3
Audio BIFS
255
1
Profiles and Levels in MPEG-4
256
1
Visual Object Types
256
3
Visual Profiles
259
1
Audio Object Types
260
1
Audio Profiles
261
1
Graphics
261
1
Systems Profiles
261
1
MPEG-4 Visual Texture Coding (VTC) and JPEG 2000 Image Compression Standards
262
20
JPEG 2000 Development Process
263
4
Overview of Still-Image Coding Standards
267
1
MPEG-4 VTC
267
1
JPEG
267
1
PNG
268
1
Significant Features of JPEG 2000
268
1
Region of Interest (ROI) Coding
268
1
Scalability
268
1
Error Resilience
269
1
IPRs
269
1
Architecture of JPEG 2000
269
6
JPEG 2000 Bit Stream
275
2
Compression Efficiency Comparisons
277
4
Error Resilience
281
1
MPEG-7 Standardization Process of Multimedia Content Description
282
19
Objective of the MPEG-7 Standard
282
3
Status of the MPEG-7 Standard
285
1
Major Functionalities in MPEG-7
286
1
MPEG-7 Systems
286
3
MPEG-7 DDL
289
1
MPEG-7 Audio
289
1
MPEG-7 Visual
290
7
MPEG-7 MMDSs
297
2
MPEG-7 Reference Software (XM)
299
1
MPEG-7 Conformance
299
1
Applications Enabled by MPEG-7
300
1
MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework
301
7
Audiovisual Content Representation Issues
303
1
Description of a Multimedia Framework Architecture
304
1
MPEG-21 Digital Item Declaration
304
1
Content Representation
305
1
Digital Item Identification and Description
305
1
Content Management and Usage
305
1
Intellectual Property Management and Protection
305
1
Terminals and Networks
306
1
Event Reporting
306
1
Requirements for Digital Item Declaration
306
2
ITU-T Standardization of Audiovisual Communication Systems
308
36
ITU-T Standardization Process
308
2
Audiovisual Systems (H.310, H.320, H.321, H.322, H.323, and H.324)
310
2
H.320 Standard
312
1
Standards for Audiovisual Services Across ATM H.310 and H.321
312
3
Standard H.322---Guaranteed QoS LAN Systems
315
2
ITU-T H.323 Standard
317
2
H.324 Standard
319
1
Video-Coding Standards (H.261, H.263 and H.26L)
319
1
H.261 Standard
319
4
H.263 Standard
323
4
H.263+ (H.263 Version 2) Standard
327
5
H.263++ Standard Development
332
1
H.26L Standard
333
3
ITU-T Speech-Coding Standards
336
2
Bit Rate
338
1
Delay
338
1
Complexity
339
1
Quality
339
1
Multimedia Multiplex and Synchronization Standards
340
1
ITU-T Recommendation H.221
341
1
ITU-T Recommendation H.223
341
1
ITU-T Recommendation H.225
341
2
Common Control Protocol H.245
343
1
IETF and Internet Standards
344
26
IETF Standardization Process
344
3
Internet Network Architecture
347
1
Internet Protocols
348
2
Classical IP Stack
350
1
IP Version 6
351
1
Priority Field
352
1
Flow Label
353
1
IPv6 Addresses
353
2
Hop-by-Hop Options Header
355
1
Fragment Header
356
1
Routing Header
356
1
IPv6 Security
357
2
Real-Time Multimedia Transmission Across the Internet
359
1
Signaling
360
1
Session Control
360
1
Transport
361
2
Network Infrastructure
363
1
Multimedia Data for Network Use
364
1
MPEG-4 Video Transport Across the Internet
365
1
Use of RTP
365
1
System Architecture
366
2
MPEG-4 Server
368
1
MPEG-4 Client
369
1
Concluding Remarks
370
3
Multimedia Communications Across Networks
373
124
Packet Audio/Video in the Network Environment
373
9
Packet Voice
374
3
Integrated Packet Networks
377
3
Packet Video
380
2
Video Transport Across Generic Networks
382
29
Layered Video Coding
386
1
Layered Compression
386
2
Layered Transmission
388
1
Error-Resilient Video Coding Techniques
388
2
Error-Resilient Encoding
390
2
Decoder Error Concealment
392
1
Error-Resilient Entropy Code
393
1
Scalable Rate Control
394
2
Rate Control Techniques
396
1
Theoretical Foundation of the SRC
397
3
Streaming Video Across the Internet
400
1
Video Compression
401
2
Requirements Imposed by Streaming Applications
403
1
Application Layer QoS Control
404
3
Continuous Media Distribution Services
407
2
Streaming Servers
409
1
Media Synchronization
409
1
Protocols for Streaming Video
410
1
Multimedia Transport Across ATM Networks
411
13
Multiplexing in ATM Networks
412
1
Video Delay in ATM Networks
413
4
Errors and Losses in ATM
417
3
MPEG Video Error Concealment
420
1
Loss Concealment
420
1
Video Across WATM Networks
421
1
Heterogeneous Networking
422
2
Multimedia Across IP Networks
424
8
Video Transmission Across IP Networks
424
2
Traffic Specification for MPEG Video Transmission on the Internet
426
1
Bandwidth Allocation Mechanism
427
1
Fine-Grained Scalable Video Coding for Multimedia Across IP
428
4
Multimedia Across DSLs
432
9
VoDSL Architecture
433
5
Delivering Voice Services Across DSL
438
1
Multimedia Across ADSL
439
1
Serial Transmission: TDM
439
2
Parallel Transmission Frequency Division Multiplexing
441
1
Internet Access Networks
441
8
DSL Networks
443
2
Cable Access Networks
445
2
Fixed Wireless Routed for Internet Access
447
2
Multimedia Across Wireless
449
39
Wireless Broadband Communication System (WBCS) for Multimedia
451
2
Audiovisual Solutions for Wireless Communications
453
5
Mobile Networks
458
1
Speech Transmission in GSM
459
1
Video Across GSM
460
2
Mobile ATM
462
1
Mobile IP
462
5
Wireless Multimedia Delivery
467
2
SIP in Mobile Environment
469
1
Multicast Routing in Cellular Networks
470
1
Broadband Wireless Mobile
471
2
Broadcasting Networks
473
4
Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB)
477
1
Data Transmission Using MPEG-2 and DVB
478
2
MPEG Program Stream
480
1
MPEG Transport Stream
481
3
Broadband Multimedia Satellite Systems
484
2
Multimedia Home Platform
486
1
Multimedia Car Platform
487
1
Digital Television Infrastructure for Interactive Multimedia Services
488
5
Interactive Broadcast Data (IDB) Services
490
2
Data Carousel Concept
492
1
Concluding Remarks
493
4
References
497
40
Index
537
8
About the Authors
545