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Tables of Contents for Hodges' Harbrace Handbook
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
vi
GRAMMAR
2
98
Chapter 1 Sentence Sense ss
2
29
The parts of a sentence
2
1
1a Recognizing verbs and predicates
3
1
1b Recognizing subjects, objects, and complements
4
6
(1) Subjects of verbs
4
2
(2) Objects of verbs
6
1
(3) Subject and object complements
7
1
(4) Word order
8
2
1c Recognizing parts of speech
10
9
(1) Verbs
13
1
(2) Nouns
13
2
(3) Pronouns
15
1
(4) Adjectives
15
1
(5) Adverbs
16
1
(6) Prepositions
16
2
(7) Conjunctions
18
1
(8) Interjections
18
1
1d Recognizing phrases
19
5
(1) Kinds of phrases
19
2
(2) Phrases used as nouns
21
1
(3) Phrases used as modifiers
22
2
1e Recognizing clauses
24
4
(1) Independent clauses
24
1
(2) Subordinate clauses
24
4
1f Sentence form and function
28
3
(1) Examining sentence forms
28
1
(2) Examining the purpose or function of sentences
29
2
Chapter 2 Sentence Fragments frag
31
5
Testing for fragments
31
1
2a Phrases
32
1
2b Subordinate clauses
33
3
Chapter 3 Comma Splices and Fused Sentences cs/fs
36
9
How to separate clauses
36
1
How to link and relate clauses
37
1
3a With coordinating conjunctions
38
3
3b With conjunctive adverbs or transitional phrases
41
1
3c Divided quotations
42
3
Chapter 4 Adjectives and Adverbs ad
45
9
4a Adverbs
46
1
4b Adjectives used as subject or object complements
47
1
4c Comparative and superlative forms
48
3
(1) The comparative
49
1
(2) The superlative
50
1
(3) Incorrect double comparatives or superlatives
50
1
4d Awkward or ambiguous use of a noun as an adjective
51
1
4e The double negative
52
2
Chapter 5 Case ca
54
11
Personal pronouns
54
2
Relative pronouns
56
1
5a Pronoun form in compound constructions
57
1
5b Clause as determiner of pronoun form
58
1
(1) Who or whoever as the subject of a clause
58
1
(2) Confusing constructions with who or whom
59
1
(3) Pronouns after than or as
59
1
5c Whom for all pronouns used as objects
59
2
5d Possessive before gerund
61
1
5e Objective with infinitive
62
1
5f Subjective with subject complement
62
3
Chapter 6 Agreement agr
65
10
6a Subject-verb agreement
66
7
(1) Other words between the subject and the verb
67
1
(2) Endings of subjects and verbs not clearly sounded
67
1
(3) Subjects joined by and
67
1
(4) Subjects joined by either... or
68
1
(5) Inverted word order or there + verb constructions
68
1
(6) Relative pronouns (who, which, that) used as subjects
69
1
(7) Indefinite pronouns
69
1
(8) Collective nouns and phrases
70
1
(9) Linking verbs
71
1
(10) Titles, words as words, nouns plural in form but singular in meaning
72
1
6b Pronoun-antecedent agreement
73
2
Chapter 7 Verbs v
75
25
Tense
75
1
Regular and irregular verbs
76
1
Auxiliary verbs
76
3
Forms of be
79
1
Voice
80
1
Transitive and intransitive verbs
80
1
Mood
81
1
Conjugation of a verb
81
2
7a Principal parts of verbs
83
5
7b Confusion of sit/set, lie/lay, rise/raise
88
1
7c Tense forms
89
5
(1) The meaning of tense forms
89
3
(2) Logical sequence of tense forms
92
2
7d Subjunctive mood
94
2
7e Unnecessary shifts in tense or mood
96
4
MECHANICS
100
36
Chapter 8 Document Design des
100
11
8a Proper materials
101
2
(1) Paper and binding
101
1
(2) Electronic documents
101
1
(3) Type, fonts, and justification
102
1
8b Clear and orderly arrangement
103
2
(1) Layout
103
1
(2) Indention
103
1
(3) Paging
104
1
(4) Headings
104
1
8c Electronic documents
105
3
(1) Electronic mail
105
2
(2) The World Wide Web
107
1
8d Proofreading
108
3
Chapter 9 Capitals cap
111
8
9a Proper names, their abbreviations and acronyms
111
3
(1) Names and nicknames
112
1
(2) Peoples and their languages
112
1
(3) Geographical names
112
1
(4) Organizations, government agencies, institutions, and companies
112
1
(5) Days of the week, months, and holidays
112
1
(6) Historical documents, periods, events, and movements
113
1
(7) Religions, holy books, holy days, and words denoting the Supreme Being
113
1
(8) Personifications
113
1
(9) Words derived from proper nouns
113
1
(10) Abbreviations and acronyms or shortened forms of capitalized words
114
1
9b Titles of persons before their names
114
1
9c Titles and subtitles of books, plays, essays, and other titled works
115
1
9d The pronoun I and the interjection O
116
1
9e First word of sentence and of directly quoted speech
116
1
9f For emphasis
116
1
9g Unnecessary capitals
117
2
Chapter 10 Italics ital
119
5
10a Titles of publications
119
2
10b Foreign words and phrases
121
1
10c Names of legal cases
121
1
10d Names of specific ships, satellites, and spacecraft
122
1
10e Words, letters, or figures spoken of as such
122
1
10f Emphasized words
122
2
Chapter 11 Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers ab/ac/n
124
12
11a Ms., Mrs., Mr., Dr., and St.
124
1
11b Names of states, countries, continents, months, etc.
125
1
11c Street, Avenue, Road, Park, and Company
126
1
11d Volume, chapter, and page
127
3
(1) Clipped forms of words
129
1
(2) Abbreviations with dates and figures
129
1
(3) Abbreviations of DC and U.S.
130
1
(4) Abbreviations for organizations, agencies, countries, etc.
130
1
(5) Abbreviations for some common Latin expressions
130
1
11e Acronyms
130
1
11f Numbers
131
5
PUNCTUATION
136
54
Chapter 12 The Comma ,/
136
15
12a Before a coordinating conjunction linking independent clauses
137
2
12b After introductory words, phrases, and clauses
139
3
(1) Adverb clauses before independent clauses
139
1
(2) Introductory phrases before independent clauses
140
2
12c Between separate items in a series
142
2
(1) Words, phrases, and clauses in a series
143
1
(2) Coordinate adjectives
143
1
12d With nonrestrictive, parenthetical, and miscellaneous elements
144
4
(1) Adjective clauses or phrases
145
1
(2) Appositives
146
1
(3) Contrasted elements
146
1
(4) Geographical names, items in dates, and addresses
147
1
(5) Parenthetical expressions
147
1
(6) Mild interjections and words used in direct address
148
1
(7) Absolute phrases
148
1
12e For the prevention of misreading
148
3
Chapter 13 Superfluous Commas (,)
151
4
13a Not between the subject and the verb or the verb and the object
151
1
13b Not after coordinating conjunctions
152
1
13c Only to set off parenthetical words and short phrases
152
1
13d Not to set off restrictive clauses, phrases, or appositives
152
1
13e Not before the first or after the last item of a series
153
2
Chapter 14 The Semicolon ;/
155
4
14a Connecting independent clauses without a coordinating conjunction
155
2
14b Separating elements that contain commas
157
1
14c Misuse with parts of unequal grammatical rank
158
1
Chapter 15 The Apostrophe '
159
5
15a Showing possession for nouns and indefinite pronouns
159
2
(1) Singular nouns, indefinite pronouns, and acronyms
160
1
(2) Plural nouns ending in -s
160
1
(3) Compounds and expressions that show joint ownership
160
1
(4) Individual ownership
160
1
(5) In time relationships, in academic titles, or before gerunds
160
1
15b Contractions and numbers
161
1
15c Plurals formed with an apostrophe
162
1
15d Misuse with personal pronouns and plural nouns
163
1
Chapter 16 Quotation Marks " "/
164
9
16a Direct quotations and dialogue
164
2
(1) Direct quotations
164
1
(2) Indirect quotations
164
1
(3) Quotations within quotations
165
1
(4) Dialogue
165
1
(5) Thoughts
166
1
16b Long quotations
166
2
(1) Prose
166
1
(2) Poetry
167
1
16c Titles of short works and subdivisions of books
168
1
16d Words intended in a special or ironic sense
169
1
16e Overusing quotation marks
169
1
(1) To call attention to a cliche
169
1
(2) To enclose yes or no in indirect discourse
170
1
(3) To indicate questionable diction
170
1
16f Placement with other punctuation marks
170
3
(1) Comma and period
170
1
(2) Semicolon and colon
171
1
(3) Question mark, exclamation point, and dash
171
2
Chapter 17 The Period and Other Marks
173
17
17a The period ./
174
1
(1) Declarative sentence, mildly imperative sentence
174
1
(2) Some abbreviations
174
1
17b The question mark ?/
175
1
17c The exclamation point !/
176
1
17d The colon :/
177
2
(1) Preceding an explanation, a series, or a quotation
177
1
(2) Between figures in time references and between titles and subtitles
178
1
(3) After the salutation of a business letter
178
1
17e The dash --/
179
2
(1) Marking a sudden break in thought or abrupt change in tone
180
1
(2) Emphasizing a parenthetical element
180
1
(3) After an introductory list or series
180
1
17f Parentheses ( )/
181
1
17g Brackets [ ]/
182
1
17h The slash //
183
1
17i Ellipsis points .../
184
6
(1) Indicating an omission within a quoted passage
184
2
(2) Marking a reflective pause or hesitation
186
4
SPELLING AND DICTION
190
54
Chapter 18 Spelling, the Spell Checker, and Hyphenation sp
190
15
18a Spelling and pronunciation
191
1
18b Spelling words of similar sound
192
4
(1) Contractions and possessive pronouns
193
1
(2) Single words and two-word phrases
193
1
(3) Singular nouns ending in -nce and plural nouns ending in -nts
193
3
18c Prefixes
196
1
18d Suffixes
196
4
(1) Dropping or retaining a final unpronounced e
197
1
(2) Doubling a final consonant before a suffix
197
1
(3) Changing or retaining a final y before a suffix
198
1
(4) Retaining a final l before -ly
198
1
(5) Adding -s or -es to form the plural of nouns
199
1
18e Confusion of ei and ie
200
1
18f Hyphenation
200
5
(1) Linking two or more words to form a compound
201
2
(2) Breaking a word at the end of a line
203
2
Chapter 19 Good Usage usg
205
13
Dictionaries
205
1
Unabridged dictionaries
206
1
Special dictionaries
206
2
19a Using a dictionary
208
3
19b Colloquial or informal
211
1
19c Slang
211
1
19d Regionalisms
212
1
19e Nonstandard and substandard
212
1
19f Archaic and obsolete
212
1
19g Technical words
213
1
19h Clear, straightforward style
213
2
19i Inclusive language
215
3
Chapter 20 Exactness e
218
12
20a Accurate and precise word choice
218
7
(1) Accuracy
218
1
(2) Connotations
219
1
(3) Specific, concrete words
220
3
(4) Figurative language
223
2
20b Idiomatic expressions
225
2
20c Fresh expressions
227
3
Chapter 21 Conciseness: Avoiding Wordiness and Needless Repetition w/rep
230
6
21a Making every word count
230
3
(1) Redundancy
230
1
(2) Unnecessary words
231
1
(3) Expletives
232
1
21b Revising to eliminate wordiness
233
1
21c Necessary repetition
234
1
21d Revising to eliminate needless repetition
234
2
Chapter 22 Clarity and Completeness ^
236
8
22a Articles, pronouns, conjunctions, prepositions
236
3
(1) Use of articles
236
2
(2) Omitted conjunctions or prepositions
238
1
22b Verbs and auxiliaries
239
1
22c Complete comparisons
239
1
22d Intensifiers
240
4
EFFECTIVE SENTENCES
244
50
Chapter 23 Sentence Unity: Consistency su
244
7
23a Clearly related ideas
244
1
23b Arranging details
245
1
23c Mixed metaphors and mixed constructions
246
1
(1) Mixed metaphors
246
1
(2) Mixed constructions
247
1
23d Faulty predication
247
1
23e Unnecessary shifts
248
3
(1) Faulty is... when, is... where, or is... because constructions
248
1
(2) Precise word choice
248
3
Chapter 24 Subordination and Coordination sub/coor
251
6
24a Subordinating related short sentences
252
2
(1) Adjectives and adjective phrases
252
1
(2) Adverbs and adverb phrases
253
1
(3) Appositives and contrasting elements
253
1
(4) Subordinate clauses
253
1
24b Subordinating and coordinating main clauses
254
1
(1) Subordinating structures for less important ideas
254
1
(2) Coordinating structures for ideas of equal importance
254
1
(3) Logical connection of ideas by subordinate and coordinate structures
254
1
24c Faulty or excessive subordination
255
2
Chapter 25 Coherence: Misplaced Parts and Dangling Modifiers mp/dm
257
5
25a Placing modifiers near the words they modify
257
2
(1) Single-word modifiers
257
1
(2) Prepositional phrases
258
1
(3) Adjective clauses
258
1
(4) "Squinting" constructions
258
1
(5) Awkward constructions that split an infinitive
258
1
25b Dangling modifiers
259
3
(1) Participial phrases
259
1
(2) Phrases containing gerunds or infinitives
260
1
(3) Elliptical adverb clauses
260
2
Chapter 26 Parallelism //
262
4
26a Balancing similar grammatical elements
263
1
(1) Parallel words and phrases
263
1
(2) Parallel clauses
263
1
(3) Parallel sentences
264
1
26b Parallel construction
264
1
26c Correlatives
265
1
Chapter 27 Consistency: Avoiding Shifts ns
266
3
27a Consistent tense, mood, and person
266
1
27b Consistent person and number
267
1
27c Shifts between direct and indirect discourse
267
1
27d Consistent tone and style
267
1
27e Consistent perspective and viewpoint
267
2
Chapter 28 Pronoun Reference ref
269
5
28a Clear antecedents
269
1
28b Clear references
270
1
28c Broad or implied references
271
1
28d Awkward use of it or you
272
2
Chapter 29 Emphasis emp
274
9
29a Placement of important words
274
1
29b Periodic and cumulative sentences
275
1
29c Ascending order of importance
276
1
29d Forceful verbs defined.
277
3
(1) Active and passive voice
277
2
(2) Action verbs and forceful linking verbs
279
1
29e Repeating important words
280
1
29f Inverting standard word order
280
1
29g Balanced sentence construction
281
1
29h Varying sentence length for emphasis
281
2
Chapter 30 Variety var
283
11
30a Varying sentence length
284
1
30b Varying sentence beginnings
285
3
(1) Adverb or adverbial clause
286
1
(2) Prepositional phrase or a verbal phrase
286
1
(3) Connectives
286
1
(4) Appositive, absolute phrase, or introductory series
287
1
30c Varying sentence structure
288
2
(1) Complex sentence
288
1
(2) Compound predicate in a simple sentence
288
1
(3) Appositive in a simple sentence
289
1
(4) Prepositional or verbal phrase added to a simple sentence
289
1
(5) Additional conjunctions to increase the compounds in a sentence
289
1
30d Varying subject-verb sequence
290
1
30e Question, exclamation, or command
291
3
LARGER ELEMENTS
294
Chapter 31 Working with Paragraphs (XXX)
294
34
31a Unity
296
5
(1) Main idea and topic sentences
296
3
(2) Main idea and paragraph unity
299
2
31b Coherence, transitions
301
13
(1) Patterns of coherence
301
2
(2) Order of ideas
303
4
(3) Transitional devices
307
4
(4) Transitions between paragraphs
311
3
31c Details and examples
314
2
(1) Developing with specific details
314
1
(2) Developing with examples
315
1
31d Strategies of development
316
9
(1) Narrating a series of events
317
1
(2) Describing to make a point
317
2
(3) Explaining a process
319
1
(4) Showing cause and effect
320
1
(5) Comparing and contrasting to develop an idea
321
2
(6) Classifying and dividing to develop an idea
323
1
(7) Formulating a definition
324
1
31e Editing
325
3
Chapter 32 Planning and Drafting Essays pln/dft
328
45
32a Purpose, audience, and occasion
329
10
(1) Purpose
330
3
(2) Audience
333
5
(3) Occasion
338
1
32b Finding an appropriate subject
339
2
32c Focusing on a topic
341
10
(1) Searching for a subject
341
7
(2) Focusing on specific material
348
3
32d Establishing a thesis
351
5
(1) The thesis statement
351
4
(2) Main idea
355
1
32e Arranging ideas
356
5
(1) Informal working plans
357
1
(2) Outlines
358
3
32f The first draft
361
6
(1) Introductions
362
2
(2) Conclusions
364
2
(3) Titles
366
1
32g Sample first draft
367
6
Chapter 33 Revising and Editing Essays rev/ed
373
16
33a Tone
374
1
33b Revising
375
3
(1) What is on the page
376
1
(2) What is not on the page
377
1
33c Editing
378
2
33d Proofreading
380
2
33e Essay undergoing revision
382
3
33f The final draft
385
4
Chapter 34 Writing under Pressure pres
389
9
34a Preparing ahead
389
1
34b Overcoming writer's block
390
2
34c Essay tests
392
6
(1) Reading instructions and questions
392
1
(2) Organizing your response
393
2
(3) Stating main points
395
1
(4) Sticking to the question
396
1
(5) Revising and proofreading
396
2
Chapter 35 Reading and Thinking Critically cr
398
23
35a Previewing
399
2
35b Distinguishing between fact and opinion
401
2
35c Searching for evidence
403
2
35d Evaluating a writer's credibility
405
2
35e Understanding inductive reasoning
407
2
35f Understanding deductive reasoning
409
3
35g The Toulmin method
412
3
35h Recognizing logical fallacies
415
6
(1) Ad hominem
415
1
(2) Appeal to tradition
415
1
(3) Bandwagon
416
1
(4) Begging the question
416
1
(5) Equivocation
416
1
(6) False analogy
416
1
(7) False authority
416
1
(8) False cause
417
1
(9) False dilemma
417
1
(10) Guilt by association
417
1
(11) Hasty generalization
417
1
(12) Non sequitur
418
1
(13) Oversimplification
418
1
(14) Red herring
418
1
(15) Slippery slope
418
3
Chapter 36 Writing Arguments arg
421
17
36a Establishing a purpose
421
2
36b Differing viewpoints
423
2
36c Developing an argument
425
3
(1) Supporting an argument
425
1
(2) Responding to diverse views
426
2
36d Using different kinds of appeal
428
1
(1) Three classical appeals
428
1
(2) Rogerian appeals
429
1
36e Organizing an argument
429
3
(1) Introductions
430
1
(2) Reasons
430
1
(3) Beginning a paragraph
431
1
(4) Refutation and concessions
431
1
(5) Conclusions
431
1
36f Sample argument
432
6
Chapter 37 Research: Finding and Evaluating Sources res
438
52
37a Using information from sources
438
6
(1) Analyzing the rhetorical situation
439
2
(2) Developing a research problem and analyzing your own knowledge
441
1
(3) Establishing a research routine
442
2
37b Preparing a working bibliography
444
1
37c Using library sources
445
11
(1) Books and periodicals
446
8
(2) Reference books
454
2
37d Conducting field research
456
2
37e Using electronic resources
458
13
(1) Developing a research strategy
458
2
(2) Using the college library
460
3
(3) Using the Internet
463
8
37f Evaluating sources and taking notes
471
7
(1) Testing reliability, bias, and integrity
471
3
(2) Taking notes
474
4
37g Avoiding plagiarism
478
3
37h Integrating sources
481
9
(1) Mastering information
482
1
(2) Integrating sources
482
2
(3) Using direct quotations
484
1
(4) Paraphrasing
485
3
(5) Summarizing
488
2
Chapter 38 Research: Using and Citing Sources cit
490
89
38a MLA style documentation
492
27
(1) Using parenthetical citations
492
8
(2) Listing the works cited
500
18
(3) Final revising, editing, and proofreading
518
1
38b Sample MLA research paper
519
23
38c The note style of documentation
542
3
38d APA style documentation
545
10
(1) Parenthetical citations
545
2
(2) Listing the references
547
8
38e Sample APA research paper
555
24
Chapter 39 Writing for Special Purposes lit/bus
579
39a Writing about literature
579
41
(1) Reading, reflecting, and planning
580
6
(2) Writing about fiction
586
10
(3) Writing about drama
596
7
(4) Writing about poetry
603
15
(5) Using the proper form
618
2
39b Writing for business
620
(1) E-mail
620
2
(2) Memos
622
2
(3) Business letters
624
4
(4) Application letters
628
4
(5) Resumes
632
Glossary of Usage usgl
G-1
14
Glossary of Terms gt
G-15
Copyrights and Acknowledgments
C-1
Index
I-1
45
ESL Index
I-46
2
MLA Index
I-48
1
APA Index
I-49