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Tables of Contents for Ecological Assessment of Polymers
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
ix
PART 1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW
3
84
1. Introduction
3
14
Scope
3
2
Ecological Assessment
5
1
Commercial Synthetic Polymers
5
12
2. Overview of Ecological Toxicity Test Methods
17
16
Introduction
17
3
Overview of Laboratory Tests for Ecotoxicity
20
6
Bioconcentration
26
1
Methodological Issues
27
3
Quality Assurance and Control
30
3
3. Overview of Ecological Fate Tests Methods
33
20
Introduction
33
1
Overview of Regulatory Test Guidelines
34
9
Limitations of Regulatory Test Guidelines
43
1
Overview of Auxiliary Test Methods
44
5
Methodological Issues
49
2
Quality Assurance and Control
51
2
4. Biodegradation Testing of Polymers in Soil
53
34
Introduction
53
1
Features of an "Ideal" Biodegradation Monitoring Technique
54
1
Established Methods to Measure Polymer Biodegradation in Soil
55
4
Limitations of Established Monitoring Methods
59
2
Use of Gel Permeation Chromatography
61
2
Overview of Auxiliary Methods
63
4
5. Biodegradation Testing of Polymers in Compost
67
20
Introduction
67
1
Significance of Plastics in Compost
68
1
Composting Systems
69
3
Evaluation of Biodegradation in Compost
72
3
Performance of Plastics
75
3
Methodological Issues
78
3
Future of Compositing Plastics
81
6
PART 2 ECOLOGICAL TOXICITY AND FATE ASSESSMENT
87
100
6. Polycarboxylates and Polyacrylate Superabsorbents
87
26
Polycarboxylates
87
16
Introduction
87
1
Ecological Fate
88
8
Exposure Assessment -- Example
96
1
Ecotoxicity
97
5
Conclusions
102
1
Polyacrylate Superabsorbents
103
10
Introduction
103
1
Ecological Fate
104
5
Conclusions
109
4
7. Water Treatment Polymers
113
34
Introduction
113
1
Environmental Overview
114
1
Polymer Classification
115
3
Optimizing Application Procedures
118
4
Characterization of Exposure
122
3
Ecological Effects
125
17
Conclusions
142
5
8. Dispersion Polymers
147
20
Introduction
147
1
Ecological Exposure Pathways
148
1
Ecological Fate
149
7
Ecotoxicity
156
5
Exposure Mitigation
161
1
Characterization of Exposure
161
1
Conclusions
162
6
9. Plastics
167
20
Introduction
167
1
Case Studies--Degradation in Soil
168
7
Case Studies--Degradation in Compost
175
6
Conclusions
181
6
PART 3 ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
187
104
10. Environmental Assessment of Polymers under the U.S. Toxic Substances Control Act
187
48
Introduction
187
2
The New Chemical Review Process
189
11
Testing
200
2
Fate Assessment with Polymers
202
3
Environmental Concerns for Polymers
205
22
Conclusions
227
8
11. Regulation of New Polymers in Canada
235
20
Introduction
235
1
Polymers Subject to Notification
236
2
Regulatory Structure
238
6
Information Required by Regulation
244
6
Structure-Activity Relationships
250
1
Waiver of Information Requirements
251
1
Assessment of Toxicity
252
1
Action Taken after an Assessment
253
2
12. Regulations of New Polymers in the Pacific Region -- Part I
255
10
Introduction
255
1
Schemes That Distinguish Polymers and Nonpolymers
255
6
Schemes That Do Not Distinguish Polymers and Nonpolymers
261
4
13. Regulation of New Polymers in the Pacific Region -- Part II (Japan)
265
12
Introduction
265
1
Substances Subject to New Chemical Notifications
266
3
Notification and Assessment of New Substances
269
5
Controls on Regulated Chemicals
274
3
14. European Environmental Legislation for Polymers
277
14
Introduction
277
1
Overview of the Legislative Process in the European Union
277
5
The Dangerous Substances Directive
282
4
Waste Issues
286
5
PART 4 NEW DIRECTIONS
291
16
15. Environmentally Biodegradable Polymers
291
16
Introduction
291
1
Definitions
292
2
Significance
294
1
Waste Management
294
1
Test Methods
295
4
Development
299
5
Product Examples
304
3
16. Life-Cycle Assessment of Polymers
307
30
Introduction
307
1
LCA Methods
308
5
LCA Applications for Polymers
313
9
Software and Databases for Polymer LCA
322
10
Summary and Future Directions
332
5
Index
337