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Tables of Contents for Cannabis and Cannabinoids
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
About the Editors
xv
Contributors
xvii
Foreword
xxi
Preface
xxv
Definitions and Explanations
xxvii
PART I: BOTANY, TAXONOMY, CHEMISTRY, AND HISTORY
Botany of Natural Cannabis Medicines
3
12
Introduction
3
1
Natural Life Cycle
3
2
Agricultural Field Production
5
1
Vegetative Crop Production
6
1
Resin Gland Development
7
1
Cannabis Origins
8
2
Cannabis Taxonomy
10
1
Medical Cannabis Today
11
1
Medical Cannabis Tomorrow
11
1
Conclusion
12
3
Taxonomy of Cannabinoids
15
12
Phytocannabinoids
15
1
Synthetic Analogues
16
3
Anandamide Congeners
19
3
Receptor Antagonists
22
5
Chemical Constituents of Cannabis
27
10
Chemical Constituents
29
6
Conclusion
35
2
History of Cannabis in Western Medicine
37
18
Cannabis Before the Birth of Christ
37
1
Cannabis in the Classical Era
38
1
Hashish in the Arabic World
39
1
Hemp in Central Europe
39
1
Cannabis in European Medicine of the Eighteenth Century
40
2
Cannabis in Nineteenth-Century Western Medicine
42
4
The Positive Trend Holds True
46
1
1880-1900: The Climax
46
2
Cannabis As a Medicine in the Twentieth Century
48
1
An Era Comes to an End
48
1
Conclusion
49
6
PART II: PHARMACOLOGY AND PHARMACOKINETICS
Effects of Cannabis and the Cannabinoids
55
12
Effects on Psyche and Behavior
56
2
Central Nervous System and Neurochemistry
58
2
Circulatory System
60
1
Other Organ Systems and Effects
60
2
Tolerance
62
1
Drug Interactions
62
1
Cannabinoid Interactions
62
1
Actions of Other Cannabinoids
63
4
Pharmacokinetics
67
6
General
67
1
Absorption and Bioavailability
67
1
Distribution
68
1
Metabolism
69
1
Excretion
69
1
Plasma Levels versus Administration Route
70
3
Sites and Mechanisms of Action
73
16
The Endogenous Cannabinoid System
73
3
Cannabinoid Receptor Ligands
76
4
Palmitylethanolamide
80
1
Inhibitors of Endogenous Cannabinoid Tissue Uptake or Metabolism
80
1
Other Types of Cannabinoid Receptors
81
1
Concluding Discussion
81
8
Mechanisms of Cannabinoid Analgesia
89
12
Pharmacological Actions of Cannabis sativa
89
1
Do Cannabinoids Have Analgesic Activity?
89
1
An Endogenous Cannabinoid Pain Control System
90
1
Cannabinoids and Central Analgesic Pathways
91
2
Cellular Actions of Cannabinoids in Pain Pathways
93
2
Summary
95
6
Cannabinoids As Neuroprotectants Against Ischemia
101
10
Introduction
101
1
Cannabinoids and Ischemia
102
1
Cannabinoid Receptors and Presynaptic Calcium Channels
102
2
Cannabinoid Receptors and Postsynaptic Calcium Channels
104
1
The Cannabinoid System As an Endogenous Regulator of Calcium Influx
105
1
Cannabinoids and NMDA Receptor Blockade
105
1
Oxidants and Ischemia
106
1
Cannabinoids As Neuroprotective Antioxidants
106
5
Possible Mechanisms in Autoimmune Diseases
111
12
PART III: INDICATIONS FOR CANNABIS AND THC
Review of Therapeutic Effects
123
20
Hierarchy of Therapeutic Effects
124
1
Indications
125
7
Surveys
132
11
Medical Use of Cannabis: Experience in California
143
10
Effects of Proposition 215
143
1
Usage Surveys
144
9
Anorexia and Cachexia
153
12
Anorexia and Cachexia in Cancer Patients
153
1
Mechanisms of Cancer Cachexia
154
1
Anorexia and Cachexia in AIDS Patients: Wasting Syndrome
154
4
Cannabis, Δ9-THC, and Cancer Cachexia/AIDS Wasting
158
3
Conclusion
161
4
Antiemetic Effects of Cannabinoids
165
16
Antiemetics in Clinical Use
166
1
Rationale for the Use of Cannabinoids As Antiemetics
166
1
Clinical Data
167
11
Current Role of Cannabinoids As Antiemetics
178
3
Pain Therapy
181
6
Pain Disorders and Their Treatments
181
1
Theoretical and Experimental Data
182
1
Clinical Trial Data and Case Histories
183
1
Summary
184
3
Migraine
187
8
Migraine and Its Symptoms
187
1
Standard Treatment of Migraine
187
1
Clinical History of Cannabis in Migraine Treatment
188
1
Theoretical and Experimental Data with THC Pertinent to Migraine
189
1
Value and Place of Cannabis in Migraine Treatment
190
5
Spastic Disorders
195
10
Introduction
195
1
Spasticity and Spastic Disorders
195
1
Marijuana and Cannabinoids in Spastic Disorders
196
1
Δ9-THC and Nabilone
197
1
Preclinical Effects of Cannabinoids
197
8
Movement Disorders
205
10
Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
206
1
Huntington's Disease and Other Choreic Disorders
207
1
Dystonia
208
1
Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonian Syndromes
209
1
Tremor
210
1
Conclusions
211
4
Glaucoma and Cannabinoids
215
10
Cannabinoids As Ocular Hypotensives
216
1
Mechanisms of Action
217
8
Dependency and Cannabis
225
8
Pre-Prohibition
225
1
Cannabis and Mood Disorders
226
1
Cannabis Substitution for More Harmful Nonmedical Drugs
226
1
Cannabis Use in Treatment of Psychological and Emotional Trauma
227
1
Drug Policy, Dependencies, and Cannabis
228
5
PART IV: RISKS AND SIDE EFFECTS
Review of Unwanted Actions of Cannabis and THC
233
16
Overall Toxicity
234
1
Acute Effects
234
1
Chronic Effects
235
6
Legal Consequences
241
1
Extrapolation of Animal Data to Humans
241
2
Comparison of Cannabis and Other Drugs
243
6
Acute Effects of Cannabis and the Cannabinoids
249
8
Acute Effects on the Central Nervous System
249
3
Effects of Cannabinoids on Peripheral Systems
252
5
Cannabis and Dependence
257
12
Tolerance and Withdrawal
257
2
Cannabis Dependence
259
3
Tolerance, Dependence, and Therapeutic Cannabinoid Use
262
7
Pregnancy
269
10
Impact on the Course of Pregnancy
270
1
Impact upon Growth and Neonatal and Infant Behavior
271
1
Impact Beyond Infancy
272
1
Impact upon Executive Function
273
2
Conclusion
275
4
Immune System
279
10
Immune System and Cannabinoid Receptors
279
2
Animal Studies
281
1
In Vitro Studies
282
1
Human Data with Cannabis/THC
283
1
Relevance for the Therapeutic Situation in Therapeutic Doses
284
5
Hormonal System and Reproduction
289
10
Reproductive Endocrine System
289
3
Stress Hormone Axis
292
1
Other Hormones
293
6
Long-Term Effects of Cannabis on Psyche and Cognition
299
14
Effects on the Central Nervous System
299
1
Evidence from Animal Research
299
2
Evidence from Human Research
301
5
Relevance for Therapeutic Use of Cannabis
306
7
Cannabis and Alcohol in Motor Vehicle Accidents
313
12
How Cannabis Pharmacokinetics Presents More Problems
316
2
Results of Culpability Studies
318
4
Conclusion
322
3
Respiratory Risks from Marijuana Smoking
325
12
Introduction
325
1
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
325
3
Respiratory Cancer
328
2
Respiratory Tract Infection
330
1
Other Potential Respiratory Complications of Marijuana Smoking
331
1
Monitoring for Respiratory and Infectious Complications of Medicinal Marijuana
332
5
Contaminants and Adulterants in Herbal Cannabis
337
8
Introduction
337
1
Natural Contaminants
337
3
Adulterants
340
5
Practical Hints
345
12
Dosing
345
1
Restrictions on Use and Helpful Hints
346
1
Treatment of an Acute Overdose
347
1
Interactions
347
2
Cannabis or THC
349
1
Smoking or Eating
350
1
Storage
351
1
Cultivation
351
6
PART V: OTHER CANNABINOIDS
Overview of Cannabinoids Under Investigation
357
2
Cannabidiol: Possible Therapeutic Application
359
12
Anxiolytic Properties of CBD
360
1
Antipsychotic Effect of CBD
361
1
Fos-Like Immunoreactivity Expression Induced by CBD
362
1
Conclusions
363
8
Anandamides: Potential Glaucoma Medicine?
371
10
Cyclodextrin Structure and Function
372
1
Ocular Drug Delivery Barriers
373
1
Intraocular Pressure Studies
374
1
Mechanisms of Action
375
1
Conclusions
376
5
Therapeutic Potential of Ajulemic Acid (CT3)
381
8
Background
381
3
Stereospecificity
384
1
Cannabinoid Acids Do Not Bind to CB1 or CB2
384
1
Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Ajulemic Acid
385
1
Analgesic Effects of Ajulemic Acid
386
1
Future Directions
387
2
HU-211: A Cannabinoid Neuroprotective Agent
389
12
Introduction
389
2
In Vitro Effects of HU-211
391
1
In Vivo Effects of HU-211
392
3
Drug Development
395
1
Summary
396
5
PART VI: OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF CANNABIS
Noncannabinoid Components
401
10
Introduction
401
1
Terpenoids
401
3
Flavonoids
404
2
Conclusions
406
5
Hemp Seed and Hemp Oil
411
16
Introduction
411
2
Composition of Hemp Oil
413
5
Nutritional and Therapeutic Benefits of Hemp Oil
418
4
Body Care
422
5
Resources
427
2
Index
429