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Tables of Contents for The Historical Jesus
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Foreword
vii
15
Frequently Quoted Literature
xxii
4
Abbreviations
xxvi
1. The Quest of the Historical Jesus
1
16
Introduction
1
1
1. Five phases of the quest of the historical Jesus
2
10
1.1 First phase: the critical impulse towards the question of the historical Jesus: H.S. Reimarus and D.F. Strauss
2
3
1.2 Second phase: the optimism of the liberal quest of the historical Jesus
5
1
1.3 Third phase: the collapse of the quest of the historical Jesus
5
2
1.4 Fourth phase: the `new quest' of the historical Jesus
7
1
Excursus: Jewish research into Jesus
8
2
1.5 Fifth phase: the `third quest' of the historical Jesus
10
2
2. Summary and survey: the quest of the historical Jesus
12
1
3. Hermeneutical reflections
13
1
4. Tasks
14
3
4.1 Five phases of the quest of the historical Jesus
14
3
Part One: The Sources and their Evaluation
17
108
2. Christian Sources about Jesus
17
46
Introduction
17
1
1. The significance of extra-canonical Christian literature for the study of Jesus: tendencies and phases of research
18
6
2. The Synoptic sources
24
9
2.1 The Gospel of Mark
25
2
2.2 The Logia source
27
2
2.3 The Gospel of Matthew
29
2
2.4 The Gospel of Luke
31
2
3. Sources close to Gnosticism
33
10
3.1 The Gospel of John
33
4
3.2 The Gospel of Thomas
37
5
3.3 Gnostic dialogue Gospels
42
1
4. Gospel fragments with synoptic and Johannine elements
43
8
4.1 Egerton Papyrus 2(Egerton Gospel)
44
1
4.2 The Secret Gospel of Mark
45
2
4.3 The Gospel of Peter
47
3
4.4 The so-called Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 840
50
1
5. Jewish Christian Gospels
51
3
6. Further sources: floating traditions about Jesus
54
5
6.1 Sayings of Jesus in the New Testament outside the Gospels
54
1
6.2 Later additions to New Testament manuscripts
55
1
6.3 Papias and the Apostolic Fathers
56
2
6.4 Other `agrapha' and narratives about Jesus
58
1
7. Summary survey
59
1
8. Summary and hermeneutical reflections
60
1
9. Tasks
61
2
9.1 Extra-canonical sources and the study of Jesus
61
2
3. The Non-Christian Sources about Jesus
63
27
Introduction
63
1
1. Josephus on `Jesus who is called the Christ'
64
10
1.1 The mention of Jesus as brother of James (Antt.20,200)
64
1
1.2 The `Testimonium Flavianum' (Antt.18, 63f.).
65
9
2. The rabbinic sources: Jesus as one who leads the people astray (bSanh 43a)
74
2
3. Mara bar Sarapion: a Syrian Stoic on the `wise king of the Jews'
76
3
4. Roman writers and statesmen on `Christus', the founder of the Christian sect
79
6
4.1 Pliny the Younger (61-c.120)
79
2
4.2 Tacitus (55/56-c.120)
81
2
4.3 Suetonius (70-c.130)
83
1
Appendix: Thallus
84
1
5. Summary
85
1
6. Tasks
86
4
6.1 Josephus' testimony about Jesus according to the Religious Dialogue at the Sasanid Court
86
1
6.2 The Old Slavonic Version of the Jewish War as a source for the teaching and death of Jesus and the original form of the Testimonium Flavianum
87
3
4. The Evaluation of the Sources: Historical Scepticism and the Study of Jesus
90
35
Introduction
90
3
1. Thirteen objections by historical sceptics to the historical evaluation of the Jesus tradition and arguments against them
93
25
2. Hermeneutical reflections
118
4
3. Tasks
122
3
3.1 `Taking the kingdom by storm'-an authentic logion of Jesus?
122
1
3.2 Is Jesus an invention of the third Christian generation?
122
3
Part Two: The Framework of the History of Jesus
125
60
5. The Historical and Religious Framework of the Life of Jesus
125
26
Introduction
125
1
1. Features of `common Judaism' in Hellenistic and Roman times
126
4
2. The earlier renewal movements within Judaism in the second century BCE
130
11
2.1 The split in the traditional aristocracy at the time of the Hellenistic reform
130
2
2.2 The revolt against the Hellenistic reformers and the Seleucid rulers
132
1
2.3 The rise of the three traditional religious parties in the Maccabaean period
133
4
2.4 The differences between Sadducees, Pharisees and Essenes according to Josephus (in the first centry BCE)
137
2
2.5 The development in the course of the first century CE and the relationship of Jesus to the old `religious parties'
139
2
3. The origin of the later renewal movements within Judaism in the first century CE
141
5
3.1 The messianic movements in the `Robber War' of (4)BCE
141
1
3.2. The radical theocratic teaching of Judas of Galilee (6 CE)
142
2
3.3 The prophetic opposition: the movements of John the Baptist and other prophets
144
2
4. Summary and hermeneutical reflections
146
2
5. Tasks
148
3
5.1 Jesus in the framework of the prophets of the first century CE
148
1
5.2. The `Teacher of Righteousness' and the `Wicked Priest'
148
3
6. The Chronological Framework of the Life of Jesus
151
11
Introduction
151
1
1. The framework of the history of Jesus (relative chronology)
152
1
2. The year of Jesus' birth
153
3
3. Jesus' public activity
156
1
4. The death of Jesus
157
3
4.1 The day of Jesus' death (week and month)
157
2
4.2 The year of Jesus' death
159
1
5. Summary and hermeneutical reflections
160
1
6. Tasks
161
1
6.1 The day of Jesus' death
161
1
7. The Geographical and Social Framework of the Life of Jesus
162
23
Introduction
162
2
1. Jesus's birthplace: Nazareth
164
2
2. The Centre of Jesus' activity: Capernaum
166
2
3. Jesus' travels: Galilee and the surrounding district
168
10
3.1 Ethnic and cultural tensions between Jews and Gentiles
168
2
3.2 Social and ecological tensions between city and country
170
1
3.3 Social and economic tensions between rich and poor
171
2
3.4 Social and Political tensions between rulers and ruled
173
3
3.5 The religious character of Galilee
176
2
4. The place of the passion: Jerusalem
178
2
4.1 The structural opposition of city and country in the passion narrative
178
1
4.2 Places and routes in the passion narrative
179
1
5. Hermeneutical reflections
180
1
6. Tasks
181
2
6.1 Petronius and the resistance against the statue of the emperor
181
1
6.2 Jesus and Sepphoris
182
1
Task on 5-7: Chronological survey
183
2
Part Three: The Activity and Preaching of Jesus
185
220
8. Jesus as a Charismatic: Jesus and his Social Relationships
185
55
Introduction
185
3
1. Phases in the history of research
188
3
2. The sources: the apophthegms
191
3
3. Jesus and his family
194
2
3.1 Jesus as a member of the house of David
194
1
3.2 Jesus' Davidic sonship as a messianic postulate
195
1
4. Jesus and his teacher: John the Baptist
196
17
4.1 The sources about John the Baptist and their evaluation
196
11
4.2 The primitive Christian tradition about Jesus's baptism
207
1
4.3 Jesus and John the Baptist-a comparison
208
3
4.4 The development from the John the Baptist to Jesus
211
2
5. Jesus and his disciples
213
4
5.1 The Call narratives in the Gospels
213
1
5.2 Analogies to discipleship in the world of the time
214
1
5.3 Characteristics of discipleship
215
2
6. Jesus and his followers among the people
217
2
6.1 Jesus and the crowd
217
1
6.2 Jesus and the `family of God'
218
1
7. Jesus and the women around him
219
6
7.1 Women around Jesus
221
3
7.2 The world of women as a sphere which provided images for the preaching of Jesus
224
1
8. Jesus and his opponents
225
10
8.1 The scribes
225
2
8.2 The Pharisees
227
3
8.3 The Sadducees
230
3
8.4 The Herodians
233
2
9. Summary and hermeneutical reflections
235
2
10. Tasks
237
3
10.1 John the Baptist and Jesus: lasting parallels
237
1
10.2 John the Baptist and Jesus: incompatible?
237
2
10.3 Jesus and his opponents: the Pharisees
239
1
9. Jesus as Prophet: Jesus' Eschatology
240
41
Introduction
240
2
1. The understanding of Jesus' eschatology from Ritschl to the present day: six phases of research
242
4
2. The metaphor of the kingdom of God as a (first) historical presupposition of the eschatological preaching of Jesus
246
2
2.1 The origin of the notion of the kingdom of God
246
1
2.2 The theocratic notion of the kingdom of God in the post-exilic period
247
1
2.3 The eschatological expectation of the kingdom of God in the exilic/post-exilic period
247
1
3. Apocalyptic as a (second) historical presupposition of the eschatological preaching of Jesus
248
4
3.1 Prophecy and apocalyptic: a comparison
248
1
3.2 Apocalyptic statements about the kingdom of God in the intertestamental period
249
1
3.3 Non-apocalyptic sayings about the kingdom of God in the intertestamental period
250
1
3.4 The juxtaposition of future and present/timeless statements about the kingdom of God in prayer and liturgy
251
1
4. The relationship between present and future in the preaching of Jesus
252
12
4.1 The future rule of God
253
3
4.2 The present rule of God
256
5
4.3 The combination of present and future in the Our Father
261
3
5. The relationship between judgment and salvation in the preaching of Jesus
264
11
5.1 Jesus' preaching of judgment
265
5
5.2. Jesus' preaching of salvation
270
2
5.3 The unity of the preaching of salvation and judgement, of future and present eschatology
272
3
6. Summary and hermeneutical reflections
275
4
7. Tasks
279
2
7.1 The history of research
279
1
7.2 Does Jesus' notion of judgment leave the process of judging behind?
279
2
10. Jesus as Healer: The Miracles of Jesus
281
35
Introduction
281
4
1. Six phases of the discussion of the miracles of Jesus
285
6
2. The primitive Christian miracle stories
291
6
2.1 Exorcisms
292
1
2.2 Therapies
293
1
2.3 Norm miracles
293
1
2.4 Gift miracles
294
1
2.5 Deliverance miracles
295
1
2.6 Epiphanies
295
1
2.7 Survey and summary
296
1
3. The primitive Christian miracle tradition as the effect of the historical Jesus: the multiplicity of testimonies
297
7
3.1 Witnesses to the miracle tradition with different interests
297
1
3.2 The miracle tradition in different strata of the tradition
298
1
3.3 The miracle tradition in various forms and genres
299
2
3.4 The primitive Christian miracle tradition as an effect of the historical Jesus and as primitive Christian poetry
301
3
4. Jesus as a miracle-worker compared with contemporary miracle-workers
304
5
4.1 Theios Aner, the divine man
304
1
4.2 Was Jesus a magician?
305
1
Excursus: Magical and charismatic miracles
306
1
4.3 Rabbinic charismatic miracle-workers
307
1
4.4 Jewish sign prophets of the first century CE
308
1
4.5 The distinctive character of the miracles of Jesus
309
1
5. Summary and hermeneutical reflections
309
5
6. Tasks
314
2
6.1 Belief and unbelief
314
1
6.2 Miracle-workers and favourites of God
314
2
11. Jesus as Poet: The Parables of Jesus
316
31
Introduction
316
2
1. Phases in the interpretation of the parables since Julicher
318
6
2. Forms of figurative speech
324
5
2.1 The differentiation between parable and allegory: the discovery of the `one-point approach' and its relativization
324
3
2.2 Differentiations within the general category of parable: figures of speech, parables (in the sense of similitudes), parables proper (narrative metaphors), and example stories
327
2
3. Parables as narratives
329
14
3.1 The relationship between metaphor and narrative in the parable
329
1
3.2 The beginnings of the parables
330
1
3.3 The narrative structure of the parables
331
3
3.4 The conclusion of the parable (application)
334
1
3.5 Classifying the parables by literary criticism
334
3
Excursus: The authenticity of the parables of Jesus
337
2
3.6 The parable of the labourers in the vineyard (Matt.20.1-16) within the framework of the rabbinic parables of recompense: an example
339
4
4. Summary account and hermeneutical reflections
343
2
5. Tasks
345
2
5.1 Forms of figurative speech
345
1
5.2 The generous employer (Matt.20.1-6): merit versus grace?
346
1
12. Jesus as Teacher: The Ethics of Jesus
347
58
Introduction
347
2
1. Phases in the history of research
349
5
2. Jesus as teacher (rabbi)
354
5
2.1 Jesus' education
355
2
2.2 The holy scriptures in Jesus' teaching
357
2
3. Jesus' ethic between intensification of the Torah and relaxation of the Torah
359
13
3.1 The Torah in Judaism
359
1
3.2 Basic statements on the Torah in the Jesus tradition: ambivalence towards the Torah
360
1
3.3 Intensification of norms in the Jesus tradition
361
3
3.4 Relaxation of norms in the Jesus tradition
364
6
3.5 The relationship between intensification of norms and relaxation of norms in the ethic of Jesus
370
2
4. The ethic of Jesus between motivations from wisdom and eschatology
372
9
4.1 Wisdom and eschatology in Judaism
373
1
4.2 Wisdom motives in the ethic of Jesus
374
2
4.3 Eschatological motives in the ethic of Jesus
376
3
4.4 The relationship between wisdom and eschatological motives in the ethic of Jesus and the significance of the Torah
379
2
5. The commandment to love as the centre of Jesus' ethic
381
13
5.1 The twofold commandment to love: a survey of the textual evidence and the tendencies in the Synoptic Gospels
381
3
5.2 Jewish traditions on the twofold commandment to love
384
3
5.3 The primitive Christian twofold commandment in the framework of Jewish traditions
387
2
5.4 The extension of the concept of the neighbour to the alien in the parable of the good Samaritan
389
1
5.5 The extension of love of neighbour in the commandment to love one's enemy
390
3
5.6 The extension of love of neighbour in Jesus' encounter with the outcasts
393
1
6. Summary and hermeneutical reflections
394
6
7. Tasks
400
5
7.1 Jesus' education
400
1
7.2 Jesus' ethic as a protest against Jewish Legalism?
401
1
7.3 Religion and concern for one's daily bread
402
1
7.4 Jesus' ethic and the Essenes
402
3
Part Four: Passion and Easter
405
164
13. Jesus as the Founder of a Cult: The Last Supper and the Primitive Christian Eucharist
405
35
Introduction
405
2
1. A history of research into the eucharist
407
7
2. Texts about the eucharist and types of eucharist in primitive Christianity
414
9
2.1 The Synoptic and Pauline words of institution
414
3
2.2 Primitive Christian types of eucharist in addition to the Pauline-Synoptic type
417
2
2.3 Survey of eucharistic types and texts
419
1
2.4 The reconstruction of the earliest eucharistic words
420
3
3. Jesus' last supper in the context of the Passover
423
4
3.1 Jesus' last supper -- a Passover meal?
424
2
3.2 Criticism of the interpretation of the last supper as a Passover meal
426
1
4. Jesus' last supper in the context of his expectation of his death
427
4
4.1 The flight of the disciples
428
1
4.2 The violent fate of the prophets
429
1
4.3 The parable of the wicked husbandmen (Mark 12.1-6-9 par.)
429
1
4.4 Mark 14.25: An expression of an eschatological imminent expectration or a prophecy of the death of Jesus?
430
1
5. Jesus' last supper in the context of his conflict with the temple
431
5
5.1 The cleansing of the temple as a symbolic action criticizing the cult
432
1
5.2 The last supper as a symbolic action founding a cult
433
3
6. Summary and hermeneutical reflections
436
1
7. Tasks
437
3
7.1 Forms of meals in earliest Christianity: conditions for taking part in the eucharist
437
2
7.2 Jesus as critic of the cult?
439
1
14. Jesus of Martyr: The Passion of Jesus
440
34
Introduction
440
4
1. Phases and approaches in the history of research
444
5
2. The bias in the sources
449
6
2.1 The Romans in the sources
449
1
2.2 The Jerusalem local aristocracy in the sources
450
1
2.3 The people (XXX) in the sources
451
1
2.4 The picture of Jesus in the sources
451
3
2.5 The picture of the disciples in the sources
454
1
3. The role of the Romans in the proceedings against Jesus
455
5
3.1 Formal legal aspects
455
3
3.2 The substantive reason for the Roman proceedings against Jesus
458
1
3.3 The basis in Jesus' activity
459
1
4. The role of the Jerusalem local aristocracy in the proceedings against Jesus
460
5
4.1 Formal legal aspects: the law relating to trials in the Mishnah
460
2
4.2 The substantive basis for the Sanhedrin proceedings
462
2
4.3 The basis in the activity of Jesus
464
1
5. The role of the people in the proceedings against Jesus
465
1
5.1 A formal-legal aspect: the Passover amnesty
465
1
5.2 Substantive reasons for the attitude of the people
466
1
5.3 The basis in the historical Jesus
466
1
6. Summary and hermeneutical reflections
466
3
7. Tasks
469
5
7.1 Important sources outside Christianity on the legal situation
469
2
7.2 The question of `guilt for the death of Jesus'
471
1
7.3 The Letter of Pilate: a second-century source on the passion
472
2
15. The Risen Jesus: Easter and its Interpretations
474
38
Introduction
474
1
1. Six phases in discussion of the Easter faith
475
7
2. The sources of the Easter faith and their evaluation
482
21
2.1 The genres and forms of the Easter texts
482
4
2.2 Formula and narrative tradition-parallels and differences in content
486
1
2.3 The formula tradition of the appearances: I Cor.15.3-8
487
3
2.4 The narrative tradition
490
5
2.5 The Easter narratives of the Gospels: historical evaluation
495
8
3. Summary and hermeneutical reflections
503
5
4. Tasks
508
4
4.1 Location in the history of research
508
1
4.2 The earliest account of the resurrection of Jesus (Gospel of Peter 8.28-11.49)
509
3
16. The Historical Jesus and the Beginnings of Christology
512
57
Introduction
512
2
1. Three phases of research into New Testament christology
514
9
2. Jesus the charismatic: implicit christology in the historical Jesus
523
8
2.1 The `amen' formula
523
1
2.2 Jesus' emphatic `I' in the antitheses and the sayings about his having come
524
2
2.3 The use of the metaphor of father
526
1
2.4 The forgiveness of sins
527
1
2.5 The causal attribution of the miracles
528
1
2.6 The assessment of John the Baptist
529
2
3. Jesus as Messiah: evoked christology in the historical Jesus
531
10
3.1 The two Old Testament roots of messianic expectation
531
2
3.2 The plurality of messianic expectations in New Testament times
533
4
3.3 Jesus and the messianic expectations of his time
537
4
4. Jesus as Son of Man: an explicit christology in the historical Jesus?
541
12
4.1 The two linguistic traditions behind the Son of Man sayings: everyday language or visionary language
542
3
4.2 The Son of Man sayings in the Jesus tradition: the evidence
545
3
4.3 The historical Jesus and the term Son of Man
548
5
5. The transformation of the picture of Jesus by the cross and Easter
553
7
5.1 From the Messiah to the Son of God
554
2
5.2 From the Son of Man to the new man
556
1
5.3 From discipleship of Jesus to worship of the Kyrios
557
3
6. Summary and hermeneutical reflections
560
4
7. Tasks
564
5
7.1 The title Messiah: PsSol 17
564
1
7.2 The title Son of Man: IV Ezra 13
565
1
7.3 The title Son of God: 4Q 246
565
4
Retrospect: A Short Life of Jesus
569
4
Solutions
573
40
Index of Biblical References
613
21
Index of Names and Subjects
634