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Tables of Contents for Biological and Bioenvironmental Heat and Mass Transfer
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Acknowledgments
v
Preface
vii
Introduction
xi
List of Symbols
xxix
I Energy Transfer
1
172
Equilibrium, Energy Conservation, and Temperature
3
12
Thermal Equilibrium and the Laws of Thermodynamics
5
1
Laws of Thermodynamics
5
1
Thermal Equilibrium
5
1
Energy Conservation
5
1
Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics and the Transport of Energy
6
1
Temperature in Living Systems
6
4
Temperature Response to Human Body
7
1
Temperature Sensation in Humans
7
2
Thermal Comfort of Human and Animals
9
1
Temperature in the Environment
10
1
The Greenhouse Effect
10
1
Temperature Scales
11
1
Chapter Summary---Energy Conservation and Temperature
12
1
Concept and Review Questions
13
1
Further Reading
13
2
Modes of Heat Transfer
15
12
Conductive Heat Transfer
15
7
Thermal Conductivity of Biological and Other Materials
20
1
Thermal Diffusivity
20
1
Density and Specific Heat
21
1
Convective Heat Transfer
22
1
Radiative Heat Transfer
23
1
Chapter Summary---Modes of Heat Transfer
23
1
Concept and Review Questions
24
1
Further Reading
24
1
Problems
25
2
Governing Equation and Boundary Conditions of Heat Transfer
27
18
Governing Equation for Heat Transfer Derived
29
5
Meaning of Each Term in the Governing Equation
31
1
Examples of Thermal Source (Generation) Term in Biological Systems
31
1
Utility of the Energy Equation
32
2
General Boundary Conditions
34
2
The Bioheat Transfer Equation for Mammalian Tissue
36
2
Governing Equation Derived in Cylindrical Coordinates
38
2
Governing Equations in Various Coordinate Systems
40
2
An Algorithm to Solve Transport Problems
42
1
Chapter Summary---Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions
43
1
Concept and Review Questions
43
1
Further Reading
44
1
Problems
44
1
Conduction Heat Transfer: Steady-State
45
24
Steady-State Heat Conduction in a Slab
47
3
Thermal Resistance and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
48
2
Steady-State Heat Conduction in a Cylinder
50
5
Thermal Resistance Term for the Hollow Cylinder
52
1
Comparison with the Solution for the Slab
52
1
Thickness of Fur in Small and Large Animals
53
2
Steady-State Heat Conduction in a Slab with Internal Heat Generation
55
3
Thermoregulation-Maintaining the Core Body Temperature of Human and Animals
56
2
Steady-State Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces: Fins
58
3
Fins and Bio-heat Transfer
60
1
Chapter Summary---Steady-State Heat Conduction
61
1
Concept and Review Questions
62
1
Further Reading
63
1
Problems
64
5
Conduction Heat Transfer: Unsteady State
69
26
Transient Heat Transfer with No Internal Resistance
71
1
Biot Number: Deciding When to Ignore the Internal Resistance
72
3
Transient Heat Transfer with Internal Resistance
75
7
How Temperature Changes with Time
77
1
Temperature Change with Position and Spatial Average
77
1
Temperature Change with Size
78
1
Charts Developed from the Solutions: Their Uses and Limitations
78
2
Internal and External Resistance
80
1
Numerical Methods as Alternatives to the Charts
81
1
Transient Heat Transfer in a Finite Geometry---Multi-Dimensional Problems
82
1
Semi-infinite Region
82
4
Chapter Summary---Transient Heat Conduction
86
1
Concept and Review Questions
86
1
Further Reading
86
1
Problems
87
8
Convection Heat Transfer
95
28
Governing Equation for Convection
95
2
Temperature Profiles and Boundary Layers Over a Surface
97
2
Laminar and Turbulent Flows
99
1
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Defined
100
1
Significant Parameters in Convective Heat Transfer
101
3
Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculations
104
11
Flat plate, Forced Convection
106
2
Flat plate, Natural Convection
108
2
Flow Over Cylinder, Natural Convection
110
1
Flow Over Cylinder, Forced Convection
110
1
Flow Through Cylinder, Forced Convection
111
1
Flow Over Sphere, Natural Convection
111
1
Flow Over Sphere, Forced Convection
111
1
Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow
111
1
Orders of Magnitude for Heat Transfer Coefficient Values
112
1
Coefficients for Air Flow Over Human Subjects
112
1
Wind Chill Factor and Boundary Layer Thickness
112
3
Chapter Summary---Convective Heat Transfer
115
1
Concept and Review Questions
115
1
Further Reading
116
1
Problems
117
6
Heat Transfer With Change of Phase
123
22
Freezing and Thawing
125
1
Freezing of Pure Water
126
2
Freezing Process
126
1
Property Changes During Freezing
127
1
Freezing of Solutions and Biomaterials
128
3
Solutions
128
1
Cellular Tissues
129
1
Cooling Rates and Success of Freezing
130
1
Temperature Profiles and Freezing Time
131
4
Freezing Time for and Infinite Slab of Pure Liquid
131
2
Freezing Time for Biomaterials
133
2
Evaporation
135
4
Evaporation from Wet Surfaces
136
2
Evaporation Inside a Solid Matrix
138
1
Evaporation of Solutions
138
1
Chapter Summary---Heat Transfer with Change of Phase
139
1
Concept and Review Questions
140
1
Further Reading
140
2
Problems
142
3
Radiative Energy Transfer
145
28
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
147
1
Reflection, Absorption and Transmission of Waves at a Surface
147
3
Transmissivity of a Leaf and Photosynthesis
148
1
Transmissivity of the Atmosphere: Greenhouse Effect
149
1
Albedo--Reflection from Soil
149
1
Absorption and Transmission in Biomaterials
150
1
Thermal Radiation from an Ideal (Black) Body
150
3
Fraction of Energy Emitted
153
1
Thermal Radiation from a Real Body: Emissivity
154
2
Emission from Human Bodies
156
2
Solar, Atmospheric, and Earth Surface Radiation
158
2
Solar Radiation--Magnitude and Spectral Distribution
158
1
Emission from Earth's Surface
159
1
Atmospheric Emissions
159
1
Global Energy Balance
160
1
Radiative Exchange Between Bodies
160
5
Radiative Heat Transfer Coefficient
163
1
Radiative Exchange Between a Leaf and Surroundings
163
2
Radiative Exchange Between Human (or Animal) and Its Surroundings
165
1
Chapter Summary---Radiative Energy Transfer
165
2
Concept and Review Questions
167
1
Further Reading
168
1
Problems
169
4
II Mass Transfer
173
140
Equilibrium, Mass Conservation, and Kinetics
175
20
Concentration
177
2
Concentrations in a Gaseous Mixture
177
2
Species Mass Balance (Mass Conservation)
179
1
Equilibrium
179
6
Equilibrium Between a Gas and a Liquid
180
2
Equilibrium Between a Gas and A Solid (with Adsorbed Liquid)
182
3
Equilibrium Between Solid and Liquid in Adsorption
185
1
Chemical Kinetics: Generation or Depletion of a Mass Species
185
4
Rate Laws of Homogeneous Reactions
186
1
Zeroth Order Reaction
186
1
First Order Reaction
187
2
nth Order Reaction
189
1
Effects of Temperature
189
1
Chapter Summary---Equilibrium, Mass Conservation, and Kinetics
189
1
Concept and Review Questions
190
1
Further Reading
190
1
Problems
191
4
Modes of Mass Transfer
195
28
A Primer on Porous Media Flow
197
6
Physical Interpretation of Hydraulic Conductivity K and Permeability k
198
3
Capillarity and Unsaturated Flow in a Porous Media
201
1
Osmotic Flow in a Porous Media
202
1
Diffusive Mass Transfer
203
10
Molecular Diffusion
203
8
Capillary Diffusion
211
2
Dispersive Mass Transfer
213
1
Convective Mass Transfer
214
2
Convection-Diffusion Mass Transfer Over a Surface
214
2
Convection-Dispersion Mass Transfer
216
1
Comparison of the Modes of Mass Transfer
216
2
Chapter Summary---Modes of Mass Transfer
218
1
Concept and Review Questions
219
1
Further Reading
219
1
Problems
220
3
Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions of Mass Transfer
223
14
Modified Fick's Law for Bulk Flow of Convection
224
3
Velocity and Mass Average Velocity
225
1
Flux Equation for a Convective Situation
225
2
Governing Equation for Mass Transfer
227
3
Meanings of Each Term in the Governing Equation
229
1
General Boundary Conditions
230
3
Governing Equations for Mass Diffusion in Various Coordinate Systems
233
1
Chapter Summary---G.E. & B.C. of Mass Transfer
234
1
Concept and Review Questions
234
1
Further Reading
234
1
Problems
235
2
Diffusion Mass Transfer: Steady State
237
16
Steady-State Mass Diffusion in a Slab
238
6
One-Dimensional Mass Diffusion Through a Composite Slab---Overall Mass Transfer Coefficient
240
4
Steady-State Diffusion in a Slab with Chemical Reaction
244
4
Photosynthesis and the Transport of Water Vapor and CO2 in a Leaf
247
1
Chapter Summary---Steady-State Mass Diffusion with and Without Chemical Reaction
248
1
Concept and Review Questions
249
1
Further Reading
249
1
Problems
250
3
Diffusion Mass Transfer: Unsteady-State
253
24
Transient Mass Transfer with No Internal Diffusive Resistance
254
3
Transient Mass Transfer with Internal Diffusive Resistance
257
5
How Concentration Changes with Time
259
1
Concentration Change with Position and Spatial Average
259
1
Concentration Change with Size
260
1
Charts Developed from the Solutions: Their Uses and Limitations
260
1
When Both Internal and External Resistances are Present: Convective Boundary Condition
261
1
Transient Diffusion in a Finite Geometry---Multi-Dimensional Problems
262
4
Transient Diffusion in a Semi-Infinite Region
266
3
Chapter Summary---Transient Diffusive Mass Transfer
269
1
Concept and Review Questions
269
1
Further Reading
270
1
Problems
270
7
Convection Mass Transfer
277
36
Convection-Dispersion in an Infinite Fluid
279
5
Convection-Dispersion in a Semi-Infinite Porous Solid
284
5
Convection-Dispersion in a Semi-Infinite Porous Solid: Inclusion of Sorption
289
2
Convection-Diffusion in a Stagnant Gas
291
4
Convection-Diffusion Over a Surface
295
10
Concentration Profiles and Boundary Layers Over a Surface
295
3
Convective Mass Transfer Coefficient Defined
298
1
Significant Parameters in Convective Mass Transfer
299
1
Calculation and Physical Implications of Convective Mass Transfer Coefficient Values
300
4
Convection-Diffusion of Heat and Mass (Simultaneous) Over a Surface: Example of a Wet Bulb Thermometer
304
1
Chapter Summary---Convective Mass Transfer
305
1
Concept and Review Questions
306
1
Further Reading
307
1
Problems
308
5
III APPENDIX
313
62
A Summary
315
6
A.1 Generic Transport Equation and the Physical Meanings of the Constituent Terms
316
1
A.2 Generic Boundary Conditions and Initial Conditions Needed to Solve the Transport Equation in A.1
316
1
A.3 Solution Map for Heat Conduction and Mass Diffusion Problems (Without Bulk Flow)
317
1
A.4 Solution Map for Mass Diffusion or Dispersion with Bulk Flow (Convection-Diffusion/Dispersion)
318
1
A.5 Basic Heat and Mass Transfer Parameters and Fluxes
319
1
A.6 Heat and Mass Transfer Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions
320
1
B Physical Constants, Unit Conversions, and Mathematical Functions
321
10
B.1 Physical Constants
321
1
B.2 Some Useful Conversion Factors
322
3
B.3 Error Function Tabulated
325
1
B.4 Charts for Unsteady Diffusion
326
5
C Heat Transfer and Related Properties
331
14
C.1 Basal Metabolic Rate for a Few Animals
332
1
C.2 Typical Metabolic Rate for Various Human Activities
333
1
C.3 Blood Flow, Oxygen Consumption, and Metabolic Rate for Various Human Organs
334
1
C.4 Thermal Properties of Animal Materials
335
2
C.5 Thermal Conductivities of Some Animal Hair Coats
337
1
C.6 Thermal Properties of Some Agricultural Materials
338
1
C.7 Thermal Properties of Food Materials (Representative Values)
339
1
C.8 Thermal Properties of Air at Atmospheric Pressure
340
1
C.9 Psychrometric Chart
341
1
C.10 Vapor Pressure of Liquid Water from 0 to 100°C
342
1
C.11 Steam Properties at Saturation Temperatures
343
1
C.12 Thermophysical Properties of Saturated Water
344
1
D Mass Transfer Properties
345
12
D.1 Apparent Diffusivities in Solids
346
1
D.2 Apparent Diffusivities in Liquids
347
1
D.3 Diffusivities in Air at 1 atm
348
1
D.4 Representative Values of Resistances to Water Vapor Transport Out of Leaves
349
1
D.5 Approximate Ranges of Dispersion Coefficients in Surface Water
350
1
D.6 Approximate Ranges of Dispersion Coefficients in Porous Media
351
1
D.7 Kinetic Parameters for Various First Order Rate Processes in Biological and Environmental Systems
352
1
D.8 Surface Tension of Water
353
1
D.9 References to Data on Heat and Mass Transfer and Related Properties
354
3
E Miscellaneous Environmental Data
357
4
E.1 Atmospheric Temperature, Pressure, and Other Parameters as Function of Altitude
358
1
E.2 National (U.S.) Primary Ambient Air Quality Standards
359
2
F Equations of Motion in Various Coordinate Systems
361
4
F.1 The Equation of Motion in Rectangular Coordinates (x, y, z)
361
1
F.2 The Equation of Motion in Cylindrical Coordinates (r, θ, z)
362
1
F.3 The Equation of Motion in Spherical Coordinates (r, θ, φ)
362
3
G Some Useful Mathematical Background
365
10
G.1 Series Solution to the One-Dimensional Heat Equation
365
4
G.2 Similarity Transformation of the Heat Equation
369
2
G.3 Lumped Parameter Analysis as Related to the Energy Equation
371
1
G.4 Transformation of the Convection-Diffusion Equation to the Diffusion Equation
372
1
G.5 Solution to Steady One-Dimensional Diffusion in a Slab with Chemical Reaction
373
2
Index
375