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Tables of Contents for The Writer's Harbrace Handbook
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Writing
Reading and Writing Critically cr
3
26
Reading and writing as processes
4
1
Active readers and writers
5
5
Inventories
5
2
Reading journals
7
1
College resources
8
2
Reading syllabi and assignment sheets carefully
10
2
Syllabi
10
1
Assignment sheets
11
1
Previewing a text
12
3
Distinguishing between context of a text and personal response to a text
15
2
Content
16
1
Personal responses
16
1
Credibility and writing
17
1
Purpose, audience, and context in writing
18
11
Purpose
19
3
Audience
22
4
Context
26
3
Planning and Drafting Essays pln/dft
29
19
Finding appropriate subjects
29
6
Subjects
30
3
Focus
33
2
Establishing a thesis
35
2
Arranging ideas
37
3
Informal working plans
37
1
Formal outlines
38
2
Drafting well-developed paragraphs
40
3
Details
41
1
Examples
42
1
Strategies of development
43
3
Narration
44
1
Description
44
1
Process
44
1
Cause and effect
44
1
Comparison and contrast
45
1
Classification and division
45
1
Definition
45
1
The first draft
46
2
Revising and Editing Essays rev/ed
48
26
Revision
49
2
Considering everything in the essay
49
1
Considering anything omitted from the essay
50
1
Considering tone
50
1
Introductions, conclusions, and titles
51
2
Introductions
51
1
Conclusions
52
1
Titles
53
1
Unified and coherent paragraphs
53
5
Topic sentences
54
1
Unified paragraphs
55
1
Coherent paragraphs
56
2
Transitions within and between paragraphs
58
3
Pronoun links
58
1
Repetition
59
1
Conjunctions and other transitional phrases
59
2
Sharing your work with others
61
4
Defining evaluation standards
61
1
Identifying concerns
62
1
Listening to criticism
63
1
Providing thoughtful responses
64
1
Editing
65
2
Proofreading
67
1
The final draft
67
7
Document Design des
74
12
Proper materials
74
2
paper and binding
74
1
Format
75
1
Type, fonts, and justification
75
1
Clear and orderly arrangement
76
4
Effective layout
76
1
Indentation
76
1
Page numbers
77
1
Headings
78
1
Graphics
78
2
Electronic documents
80
5
E-mail
81
1
The World Wide Web
81
4
Proofreading
85
1
Writing Arguments arg
86
27
Different purposes
86
1
Different views
87
2
Distinguishing between fact and opinion
89
1
Establishing a position or claim
90
2
The extent of claims
90
1
The kinds of claim
91
1
Developing an argument
92
2
Reasons behind a claim
92
1
Opposing views
93
1
Types of appeals
94
2
Classical appeals
94
1
Rogerian appeals
95
1
Organizing an argument
96
3
Classical arrangement
96
1
Rogerian arrangement
97
1
Refutation
97
1
Paragraph development
98
1
Conclusions
98
1
Understanding logic
99
4
Inductive reasoning
99
1
Deductive reasoning
100
1
The Toulmin model
101
2
Logical fallacies
103
4
Sample argument
107
6
Research: Finding and Evaluating Sources res
113
24
Seeking information
113
3
Resources
114
2
Time management
116
1
Focusing the subject and framing it as a question
116
1
Evaluating sources
117
3
Locating information efficiently
120
11
Libraries
121
6
The World Wide Web
127
4
Field research
131
2
Working bibliography
133
4
Research: Using and Citing Sources cit
137
97
Establishing a purpose
138
1
Taking accurate notes
139
2
Integrating sources
141
7
Introducing and discussing sources
142
1
Using direct quotations
143
1
Paraphrasing
144
3
Summarizing
147
1
Avoiding plagiarism
148
3
MLA-style documentation
151
27
Parenthetical citations
152
7
Works-cited list
159
19
MLA-style paper
178
25
Revising and editing
178
1
Sample MLA-style research paper
179
24
The note style of documentation
203
3
APA-style documentation
206
11
Parenthetical citations
206
3
Reference list
209
8
A sample APA-style research paper
217
17
Writing under Pressure pres
234
7
Deadlines
234
1
Strategies for overcoming writer's block
235
1
Essay tests
236
5
Setting up a schedule
236
1
Reading instructions and questions carefully
236
1
Organizing your response
237
2
Stating main points clearly
239
1
Sticking to the question
239
1
Revising and proofreading
239
2
Writing about Literature lit
241
15
Understanding literary terms
241
3
The elements of literature
241
2
Purpose
243
1
Discovering and developing a topic
244
3
Personal response
244
1
Topics
245
1
Rereading a work
246
1
Research
246
1
Essays about fiction
247
1
Essays about drama
248
2
Essays about poetry
250
3
Using proper form
253
3
Writing for Work wk
256
15
E-mail
256
2
Memos
258
1
Business letters
259
2
Application letters
261
3
Resumes
264
7
Grammar
Sentence Essentials se
271
9
Subjects and predicates
272
1
Verbs and predicates
272
2
Subjects, objects, and complements
274
4
Subjects of verbs
275
1
Objects of verbs
276
2
Subject and object complements
278
1
Word order
278
2
Phrases and Clauses ph/cl
280
9
Phrases
280
3
Noun phrases
280
1
Verb phrases
280
1
Verbal phrases
281
1
Prepositional phrases
281
2
Appositive phrases
283
1
Absolute phrases
283
1
Clauses
283
4
Independent clauses
283
1
Subordinate clauses
284
2
Coordinating and subordinating conjunctions
286
1
Sentence forms
287
2
Simple sentences
287
1
Compound sentences
287
1
Complex sentences
288
1
Compound-complex sentences
288
1
Sentence Fragments frag
289
5
Revising phrases written as fragments
291
1
Revising clauses written as fragments
292
2
Comma Splices and Fused Sentences cs/fs
294
7
Revising a fused sentence or a comma splice
297
1
Revising fused independent clauses with a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb
298
2
Divided quotations
300
1
Modifiers mod
301
9
Adjectives
302
2
Identifying adjectives
302
1
Adjectives used as subject or object complements
303
1
Adverbs
304
1
Adjectives and adverbs denoting degrees of comparison
305
1
The comparative
305
1
The superlative
306
1
The incorrect double comparative or superlative
306
1
Awkward or ambiguous modifiers
306
1
Placement of modifiers
307
1
Single-word modifiers
307
1
Prepositional phrases
307
1
Adjectival clauses
307
1
``Squinting'' constructions
308
1
Split infinitives
308
1
Dangling modifiers
308
1
The incorrect double negative
309
1
Pronouns pro
310
12
Kinds of pronouns
311
2
Personal pronouns
311
1
Relative pronouns
311
1
Interrogative pronouns
312
1
Reflexive/intensive pronouns
312
1
Subjective, objective, or possessive case
313
1
Subjects and complements
313
1
Objects
313
1
Modifiers
314
1
Clause as determiner of pronoun case
314
3
Compound constructions
314
1
Who or whom
315
1
Who or whom before interpolated expressions
316
1
The case of a pronoun after than or as
316
1
Objective form with infinitives
316
1
Pronoun-antecedent agreement
317
2
Agreement with generic nouns or indefinite pronouns
317
2
Words joined by and or by or or nor
319
1
Collective noun antecedents
319
1
Pronoun reference
319
3
Ambiguous or unclear pronoun references
320
1
Remote or awkward references
320
1
Broad or implied references
321
1
Impersonal it
321
1
Verbs v
322
25
Verb forms
323
4
Regular or irregular verbs
324
1
Auxiliary verbs
324
1
The forms of be
325
1
Transitive, linking, and intransitive verbs
326
1
The conjugation of a verb
327
6
The complete conjugation of a verb
327
2
The principal parts of verbs
329
3
Participles
332
1
Verb tense
333
3
Tense forms
334
1
Logical sequence of tense forms
335
1
Voice and mood
336
1
Voice
336
1
Mood
336
1
Subject-verb agreement
337
6
Words coming between the subject and the verb
338
1
Subject and verb endings not clearly sounded in rapid speech
339
1
Compound subjects joined by and
339
1
Subjects joined by either ... or
339
1
Inverted word order or there + verb constructions
340
1
Relative pronouns (who, which, that) as subjects
340
1
Indefinite pronouns
340
1
Collective nouns and phrases
341
1
Linking verbs with what
341
1
Titles of single works, words spoken of as words, and nouns plural in form but singular in meaning
342
1
Sit and set, lie and lay, and rise and raise
343
1
Unnecessary shifts in tense or mood
344
3
Effective Sentences
Sentence Unity: Consistency su
347
4
Clearly related ideas
347
1
Arranging details
347
1
Avoiding mixed metaphors and mixed constructions
348
1
Mixed metaphors
348
1
Mixed constructions
348
1
Faulty predication
348
1
Faulty predication in definitions
349
2
Constructing definitions logically
349
1
Defining words precisely
349
2
Subordination and Coordination sub/coor
351
5
Subordinating related short sentences
352
2
Adjectives and adjectival phrases
353
1
Adverbs and adverbial phrases
353
1
Appositives and contrasting elements
353
1
Subordinate clauses
353
1
Subordinating and coordinating main clauses
354
1
Subordination
354
1
Coordination
354
1
Logical connections
354
1
Faulty or excessive subordination
355
1
Parallelism //
356
3
Balancing similar grammatical elements
356
1
Parallel words and phrases
356
1
Parallel clauses
357
1
Parallel sentences
357
1
Clear parallel structures
357
1
Parallel correlatives
358
1
Emphasis emp
359
5
Placement of important words
359
1
Periodic and cumulative sentences
360
1
Ascending order of importance for ideas
360
1
Active, forceful verbs
361
1
Active voice
361
1
Action verbs and forceful linking verbs
362
1
Repeating important words
362
1
Inverting the standard word order
362
1
Emphasis through sentence length
363
1
Variety var
364
7
Varying sentence length
365
1
Varying sentence beginnings
365
2
Adverb or adverbial clause
366
1
Prepositional or verbal phrase
366
1
Sentence connectives---coordinating conjunctions, conjunctive adverbs, transitional phrases
366
1
Appositive, absolute phrase, introductory series
366
1
Varying sentence structure
367
1
Compound-complex sentences
367
1
Compound predicates in simple sentences
367
1
Appositives
367
1
Prepositional or verbal phrases
368
1
Varying conventional subject-verb sequence
368
1
Varying sentence types
368
3
Diction
Good Usage usg
371
11
Dictionaries
372
3
Varying language according to audience, place, and purpose
375
2
Colloquial (or conversational) words
375
1
Slang
375
1
Regionalisms
376
1
Nonstandard usage
376
1
Archaic and obsolete words
376
1
Technical words
376
1
Clear, straightforward style
377
1
Inclusive writing
377
5
Sexist language
378
1
References to race and ethnicity
379
1
Ability, age, class, religion, occupation, and orientation
380
2
Exactness e
382
8
Accurate, precise word choice
382
5
Accuracy
382
1
Connotations
383
1
Specific, concrete words
384
2
Figurative language
386
1
Idiomatic expressions
387
1
Fresh expressions
388
1
Using first and second person
389
1
Conciseness con
390
5
Making every word count
390
3
Redundancy
390
1
Unnecessary words
391
1
Expletives
392
1
Revising to eliminate needless words
393
1
Necessary repetition
393
1
Elliptical constructions to eliminate repetition
393
2
Clarity and Completeness ^
395
6
Articles, pronouns, conjunctions, or prepositions
395
1
Omitted articles
395
1
Omitted conjunctions or prepositions
396
1
Complete verbs and auxiliaries
396
1
Complete comparisons
397
1
Intensifiers
397
4
Punctuation
The Comma
401
13
Before a coordinating conjunction that links independent clauses
402
2
After introductory words, phrases, and clauses
404
2
Introductory clauses
404
1
Introductory phrases
405
1
Separating parallel items such as those in a series
406
1
To separate words, phrases, and clauses in a series
406
1
To separate coordinate adjectives
407
1
With nonrestrictive and other parenthetical elements
407
4
Nonrestrictive clauses or phrases used as modifiers
408
1
Nonrestrictive appositives
409
1
Contrasted elements
409
1
Geographical names, items in dates, and addresses
410
1
Parenthetical expressions
410
1
Mild interjections and words used in direct address
410
1
Absolute phrases
411
1
For ease in reading
411
1
Unnecessary commas
411
3
Not between the subject and the verb or the verb and its object
412
1
Not after coordinating conjunctions
412
1
After clearly parenthetical words and short phrases
412
1
Not to set off restrictive clauses, phrases, or appositives
413
1
Not before the first or after the last item of a series
413
1
The Semicolon ;
414
3
Connecting independent clauses not linked by a coordinating conjunction
414
1
Separating elements that contain commas
415
1
Not with unequal grammatical parts
416
1
The Apostrophe
417
4
Showing possession for nouns and some indefinite pronouns
417
2
With singular nouns, indefinite pronouns, and acronyms
418
1
With plural nouns ending in -s
418
1
To show joint ownership or to make a compound noun possessive
418
1
To show individual ownership
418
1
Before gerunds and to show time relationships or an academic degree
418
1
With contractions and numbers
419
1
The plurals of letters, numbers, and words referred to as words
419
1
Misuse of personal pronouns and plural nouns
420
1
Quotation Marks ``''
421
6
Direct quotations, dialogue, and thoughts
421
1
Direct quotations
421
1
Indirect quotations
421
1
Quotations with quotations
422
1
Dialogue
422
1
Thoughts
422
1
Long quotations
422
2
Prose
423
1
Poetry
423
1
Titles of short works and subdivisions of books
424
1
Words intended in a special or ironic sense
424
1
Overusing quotation marks
425
1
Placement with other punctuation marks
425
2
Commas and periods
425
1
Semicolons and colons
425
1
Question marks, exclamation points, and dashes
426
1
The Period and Other Marks
427
10
The period
427
1
After declarative or a mildly imperative sentence
427
1
After some abbreviations
428
1
The question mark ?
428
1
The exclamation point !
429
1
The colon :
429
1
To direct attention to an explanation or summary, a series, or a quotation
429
1
To separate figures in time references as well as titles and subtitles
430
1
After the salutation of a business letter
430
1
The dash ---
430
1
To mark a sudden break in thought, an abrupt change in tone, or faltering speech
431
1
To set off a parenthetical element for emphasis or clarity
431
1
After an introductory list or series
431
1
Parentheses ()
431
1
Brackets []
432
1
The slash /
433
1
Ellipsis points ...
433
4
To mark an omission within a quoted passage
433
1
To mark a reflective pause or hesitation
434
3
Mechanics
Spelling, the Spell Checker, and Hyphenation sp
437
11
Spell checkers
438
1
Spelling and pronunciation
439
1
Spelling words of similar sound
440
2
Contractions and possessive pronouns
440
1
Single words and two-word phrases
440
1
Singular nouns ending in -nce and plural nouns ending in -nts
440
2
Prefixes
442
1
Suffixes
443
2
Dropping or retaining a final -e
443
1
Doubling a final consonant
443
1
Changing or retaining the final -y
443
1
Retaining a final -l before -ly
444
1
Adding -s or -es to form the plural of nouns
444
1
Confusion of ei and ie
445
1
Hyphenation
445
3
Linking two or more words to form a compound
445
1
Breaking a word at the end of a line
446
2
Capitals cap
448
6
Proper names, their abbreviations, and acronyms
448
2
Names, nicknames, and trademarks
448
1
Names of peoples and their languages
448
1
Geographical names
449
1
Names of organizations, government agencies, institutions, and companies
449
1
Names for days of the week, months, and holidays
449
1
Historical documents, periods, events, and movements
449
1
Names of religions and of their adherents, holy days, holy books, and words denoting the Supreme Being
449
1
Personifications
450
1
Words derived from proper names
450
1
Abbreviations and acronyms or shortened forms of capitalized words
450
1
Titles that precede a person's name
450
1
The first, last, and all major words in titles
451
1
The first word of a sentence and of directly quoted speech
451
1
Unnecessary capitals
451
3
Common nouns
451
1
Emphasis
452
2
Italics ital
454
3
Titles of publications
454
1
Foreign words and phrases
455
1
Names of legal cases
456
1
Names of specific ships, satellites, and spacecraft
456
1
Words, letters, or figures spoken of as such
456
1
Emphasized words
456
1
Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Numbers ab/ac/n
457
12
Designations such as Ms., Mr., Mrs., Dr., St. Jr., Sr., and II
457
1
Names of streets, cities, states, countries, continents, months, days of the week, and units of measurement
458
1
Abbreviations in correspondence
458
1
Abbreviations used when citing research
459
2
Abbreviations as words
461
2
Clipped forms
461
1
Time period and zone
462
1
The United States
462
1
Names of individuals
462
1
Expressions in Latin
462
1
Acronyms
463
1
Numbers
463
1
Special use of numbers
464
5
Time of day
464
1
Dates
464
1
Addresses
465
1
Identification numbers
465
1
Identification numbers
465
1
Pages and divisions of books and plays
465
1
Decimals and percentages
465
1
Large round numbers
465
1
Legal or commercial writing
465
4
Glossary of Usage
469
15
Glossary of Terms
484
23
Copyrights and Acknowledgments
507
Index
1
50
English as a World Language Index
51