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Tables of Contents for How Maps Work
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Taking a Scientific Approach to Improving Map Representation and Design
1
21
Toward Functional Maps
2
1
Cartography as Graphic Communication
3
3
Objections to Scope and Method
6
2
Art and Science
8
2
Deconstructing the Discipline
10
1
Taking a Fresh Approach to Symbolization and Design Research
11
5
Organization of This Book
16
5
I. How Meaning Is Derived From Maps
21
192
An Information-Processing View of Vision and Visual Cognition
25
26
Marr's Approach to Vision
27
6
Visual Cognition
33
16
Processing of Visual Stimuli
33
13
Processing of Imagery
46
3
Conclusion
49
2
How Maps Are Seen
51
99
Eye---Brain System
53
15
The Eye
54
9
Eye to Brain
63
1
Brain
63
5
Perceptual Organization and Attention
68
55
Grouping
71
9
What We Attend To
80
1
Selective Attention and Separability of Visual Dimensions
81
6
Divided Attention and Variable Conjunctions
87
4
Associativity of Graphic Variables
91
1
Indispensable Variables
92
2
Where We Attend
94
1
Location
94
2
Scale
96
5
Scanning the Visual Scene
101
6
Figure---Ground
107
3
Heterogeneity
110
7
Bottom-Up versus Top-Down Processing
117
3
Visual Levels
120
3
Perceptual Categorization and Judgment
123
13
Detection
124
3
Discrimination
127
1
Text Discrimination
127
1
Point Feature Discrimination
128
2
Pattern Discrimination
130
2
Color Discrimination
132
1
Motion Discrimination
133
1
Judging Order
134
1
Judging Relative Magnitude
135
1
Perceiving Depth from a Two-Dimensional Scene
136
11
A Taxonomy of Depth Cues
137
2
Applying Depth Cues to Maps
139
1
Physiological Approaches
139
1
Perspective Approaches
139
2
Nonperspective Approaches
141
6
Summary
147
3
How Maps Are Understood: Visual Array → Visual Description ↔ Knowledge Schemata ↔ Cognitive Representation
150
63
Mental Categories
151
19
Prototype Effects
153
2
Family Resemblance
155
1
Fuzzy Categories
156
2
Typicality Effects
158
2
Maps as a Radial Category
160
2
Basic-Level Categories
162
5
Natural versus Cultural Category Structures
167
1
Multiple Representations
168
1
Dual Representations: Common and Scientific
168
1
Fuzzy Representations of Well-Defined Concepts
169
1
Knowledge Representation
170
23
Kinds of Knowledge Representation
171
3
Kinds of Knowledge Schemata
174
2
Propositional Schemata
176
9
Image Schemata
185
5
Event Schemata (Scripts and Plans)
190
3
Development and Application of Cognitive Schemata
193
16
How Map Schemata Are Developed
193
1
Physiological Bases for Map Schemata
194
1
Developmental Bases for Map Schemata
195
3
General-to-Specific Map Schemata
198
4
How Map Schemata Are Selected
202
3
How Map Schemata Are Used
205
4
Conclusion
209
4
II. How Maps Are Imbued with Meaning
213
142
A Primer on Semiotics for Understanding Map Representation
217
27
The Nature of Signs
218
16
Models of the Sign
219
3
Typology of Signs
222
3
Typology of Discourse
225
3
How Signs Signify: Specificity or Levels of Meaning
228
4
Typology of Comprehension (or Miscomprehension)
232
2
The Nature of Sign Systems
234
8
Dimensions of Semiosis
234
4
Systemology
238
1
Semiotic Economy
239
1
Simultaneity versus Articulation
240
1
Combinatorial Relations
241
1
Application of the Semiotic Approach to Map Representation
242
2
A Functional Approach to Map Representation: The Semantics and Syntactics of Map Signs
244
66
The Nature of Map Signs---Map Semantics
245
24
Sign-Vehicle as Mediator
246
4
Referent as Mediator
250
6
Interpretant as Mediator
256
13
The Nature of Map Sign Systems---Map Syntactics: Logical Interrelationships
269
38
Visual Variables and Syntactic Rules
270
1
Static Visual Maps
270
6
Static Tactile Maps
276
2
Dynamic Visual Maps
278
9
Dynamic Audio Maps
287
3
Sign-Vehicle Sets
290
5
Multiple Linked Sign Systems
295
7
Maps as Signs
302
3
Map Sign Comprehension
305
2
Discussion
307
3
A Lexical Approach to Map Representation: Map Pragmatics
310
45
Meaning in Maps
312
18
Space, Time, and Attribute Denotation
312
1
Denoting Spatial Position
313
2
Denoting Temporal Position
315
2
Denoting Attributes of Position in Space---Time
317
4
Specificity of Signs
321
1
Singular versus General Signs
321
2
Unambiguous versus Ambiguous Signs
323
2
Monosemic versus Polysemic Sign Systems
325
1
Directness of Reference: Literality of Interpretants
325
2
Concreteness of Signs: Concept versus Phenomenon Representations
327
2
Etymology and Cultural Specificity of Meaning
329
1
Meaning of Maps
330
21
Connotative Meaning of Map Signs
331
1
Extrasignificant Codes
332
4
A Typology of Map Connotation
336
2
The Map Itself as an Implicit Code
338
1
Connotation of Veracity: Truth and Reality
338
2
Connotation of Integrity: Map Ethics
340
2
Valuative Connotations: Judgments
342
3
Connotations of Power: Territorial Control
345
3
Incitive Connotations: Persuasion to Action
348
1
Can Connotations Be Measured?
349
2
Synopsis and Directions
351
4
III. How Maps Are Used: Applications in Geographic Visualization
355
104
GVIS: Facilitating Visual Thinking
361
40
A Model of Feature Matching
362
5
Linking Perceptual Organization and Map Syntactics
367
25
Indispensable Variables
368
1
2--D Space
369
1
Simulated 3--D
370
6
Time
376
4
Scale and Resolution
380
1
Space
380
4
Attributes
384
1
Time
385
1
Spatial Feature Enhancement through Graphic Variable Manipulation
386
1
Using Monochrome Variables
387
2
Using Color Variables
389
3
The Role of Categories and Schemata
392
6
Conclusions
398
3
GVIS: Relationships in Space and Time
401
34
Feature Comparison: Looking For Relationships in Multidimensional Data
401
21
Space
402
7
Orientation
409
2
Color
411
5
Time
416
2
Focusing
418
1
Sound
419
3
Space---Time Processes
422
11
Categorizing Space---Time Phenomena
423
2
Mapping Temporal Entities to Display Variables
425
2
Exploring Space---Time Processes: Kinds of Interaction
427
1
Process Tracking
428
1
Postprocessing
429
3
Process Steering
432
1
Discussion
433
2
GVIS: Should We Believe What We See?
435
24
How to Judge ``Truth'' in GVIS
435
12
Truth of Signs in the Display
436
8
Truth of the Display as Sign: Seeing Wrong verses Not Seeing
444
3
What ``Truth'' Is in GVIS
447
9
Visual Thinking and Cognitive Gravity
448
4
Public Presentation and Implicit Connotation
452
4
Discussion
456
3
Postscript
459
4
References
463
28
Author Index
491
6
Subject Index
497