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Tables of Contents for Good and Evil
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
13
4
Part I: The Background: Reason and Will
Ethics and Human Nature
17
16
The Importance of Our Question
18
1
Three Traditional Answers
19
1
The Greeks and the Idea of What Is Good
20
3
Human Goodness and Reason
23
1
Rationalism vs. Voluntarism
24
2
Moral Rationalism
26
4
Moral Voluntarism
30
3
Nature vs. Convention
33
19
True Morality
34
1
What Is and What Ought to Be
35
1
The Emergence of Ethics in Greek Philosophy
36
1
Nature vs. Convention
37
4
The Problem of Morality in Sophistic Philosophy
41
2
Thrasymachus and the Will of the Strong
43
2
Glaucon and Adiemantus
45
2
Polus and the Rewards of Injustice
47
5
The Issue Joined: True vs. Pragmatic Morality
52
16
The True Morality According to Callicles
53
3
Protagoras and the Doctrine of Pragmatism
56
3
Protagorean Ethics
59
2
The Socratic Questions
61
5
The Significance of Protagoras
66
2
Socratic Ethics
68
18
The Character of Socrates' Thought
69
3
Some Socratic Questions
72
2
Vulgar vs. Philosophical Virtue
74
2
The Involuntary Character of Wickedness
76
3
Virtue as Knowledge
79
1
What Power Is
80
1
Virtue and Happiness
81
3
Justice as a State of the Soul
84
2
Is Justice Good for Its Own Sake?
86
15
The Test
86
7
Is There a True or Natural Justice?
93
8
Hedonism, the Doctrine of Pleasure
101
20
Moral Empiricism
102
1
Empiricism and the Doctrine of Pleasure
103
1
Epicurean Empiricism
104
3
Pleasure as the Natural Good
107
2
The Problem of Ethics
109
1
The Cyrenaic Philosophy
110
3
The Epicurean Modifications
113
3
The Moderation of Desires
116
1
The Sources of Goodness
117
1
Justice and Duty
118
2
The Significance of Epicurus
120
1
A Modern Version of Hedonism
121
18
J. S. Mill's Hedonism
121
2
The Greatest Happiness Principle
123
1
Duty and Motive
124
3
The Quality of Pleasure
127
2
The Presuppositions of Hedonism
129
3
The Double Meanings of Pleasure and Pain
132
4
Pleasure and Happiness
136
3
Kantian Morality
139
20
The Background of Kantian Morality
140
2
The Basic Ideas of Conventional Morality
142
1
Laws
143
2
Justice
145
2
Kantian Morality
147
2
Duty and Law
149
1
The Good Will
150
1
The Categorical Imperative
151
2
Rational Nature as an End
153
1
The Significance of Kant
154
5
Part 2: Good and Evil
Good and Evil
159
18
Conative Beings
160
3
Conation as the Precondition of Good and Evil
163
4
The Emergence of Good and Evil
167
3
The Emergence of Right and Wrong
170
2
Right and Wrong as Relative to Rules
172
2
The World as It Is
174
3
The Common Good
177
12
Conflicts of Aims
180
2
The Nature of the Common Good
182
2
The Moral Evaluation of Institutions
184
5
Some Fundamental Questions Revisited
189
18
Nature vs. Convention
189
7
Justice
196
4
Can Virtue Be Taught?
200
2
Two Shortcomings
202
5
Part 3: Human Goodness
Casuistry
207
21
The Futility of Justifying Conduct
209
2
Samples of Casuistry
211
9
The Significance of These Examples
220
1
The Function of Principles
221
7
Judicial Casuistry
228
10
Moralists as Lawmakers
229
5
Judicial Decision by Persuasive Definition
234
2
Moral and Judicial Casuistry Compared
236
2
The Incentives of Action
238
24
The Incentive to Justice
240
3
The Incentive of Compassion
243
3
The Incentive of Malice
246
2
Egoism
248
3
The Moral Neutrality of Egoism
251
3
The Ugliness of Egoism
254
3
Four Possible Incentives
257
2
Self-Hatred as an Incentive
259
3
The Virtue of Compassion
262
22
Malice: The First Class of Actions
264
4
Compassion: The Second Class of Actions
268
5
The Significance of These Stories
273
2
The Scope of Compassion
275
2
Incentives and Consequences
277
3
Compassion and Justice
280
4
Love and Friendship
284
21
Varieties of Love and Friendship
285
2
Philia, or Friendship
287
1
Friendship in Aristotelian Ethics
288
4
Eros, or the Love of the Sexes
292
7
Absolute Love
299
6
Love and Aspiration
305
14
Possessive Love
306
1
Love as a Duty
307
3
Love as a Blessing
310
2
Moral Rules and Aspirations
312
3
Love as Aspiration
315
4
The Meaning of Life
319
16
Meaningless Existence
320
4
The Meaninglessness of Life
324
6
The Meaning of Life
330
5
Index
335