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Tables of Contents for The Windows Enduser's Step-By-Step Guide to DOS & the Command Line in Windows 95/Windows 98
Chapter/Section Title
Page #
Page Count
Preface
III
 
REVIEW CHAPTER Microcomputer Systems: Hardware, Software, and the Operating System
1
762
Learning Objectives
1
1
Chapter Overview
1
1
An Introduction to Computers
2
1
Categories of Computers
2
1
Computer Components
3
1
Microcomputer Hardware Components
3
1
The System Unit
4
1
Central Processing Unit
4
2
Random Access Memory
6
1
Cache Memory
6
1
Read-Only Memory
6
1
Adapter Cards
7
1
Controllers
7
1
Input/Output Adapter Cards
7
1
Peripherals: Input Devices
8
1
Peripherals: Output Devices
8
1
Output Devices: Monitors
8
1
Output Devices: Printers
9
1
Modems
9
1
Disks and Disk Drives
10
1
Capacity Measurement: Bits and Bytes
10
1
Floppy Disks
11
1
CD-ROMs
12
1
Removable Disks
12
1
Hard Disks
12
1
Dividing the Disk
13
1
Disk Drives
14
1
Device Names
14
1
Software
15
1
Operating System Fundamentals
16
2
Networks
18
1
Chapter Summary
18
5
Getting Started with the Operating System
23
41
Learning Objectives
23
1
Chapter Overview
24
1
What Is an Operating System?
24
1
Versions of the Operating System (OS)
24
1
Overview of Files and Disks
25
1
File Names, File Types, and Folders
25
2
Identifying Your System Configuration
27
1
Computer Configuration Guide
28
1
Booting the System
28
1
Activity: Booting the System
29
1
Shutting Down the System
30
1
Activity: The Windows 95/98 Shut Down Procedure
30
1
Why DOS?
31
1
Accessing the Command Line Prompt
32
1
Activity: The Command Line Prompt
33
2
Controlling the Appearance of the Command-line Window
35
1
Activity: Altering the Command-line Window
35
2
The Default Drive and Default Directory
37
1
Activity: Changing the Default Drive
38
1
Understanding Commands
39
1
Activity: Using the DIR Command
40
1
Software Versions
41
1
Activity: Using the VER Command
41
1
The Keyboard
41
1
The Backspace Key
42
1
Activity: Correcting Errors Using the Backspace Key
43
1
The Escape Key
43
1
Activity: Using the Escape Key
43
1
The Shift Key
44
1
Activity: Using the Shift Key
44
1
The Print Screen Key
44
1
Activity: Using the Print Screen Key in Windows
44
2
Freezing the Display
46
1
Activity: Using the Pause, Control, and S Keys
46
1
Canceling a Command
47
1
Activity: Using DIR and Canceling a Command
47
1
The CLS Command
47
1
Activity: Using the CLS Command
48
1
The DATE and TIME Commands
48
1
Activity: Using DATE/TIME Commands at the Command Line
48
2
Activity: Changing the Date and Time Using the Taskbar
50
2
Media Objects: Their Properties and Values
52
1
Activity: Examining Disk Properties and Values
52
2
Ethical Considerations in Copying Disks
54
1
Making a Copy of the ACTIVITIES Disk: DISKCOPY
54
1
Activity: Using DISKCOPY
54
3
How to End the Work Session
57
1
Activity: Ending the Work Session
57
1
Chapter Summary
57
4
Application Assignments
61
3
Command Syntax: Using the DIR Command with Parameters and Wildcards
64
49
Learning Objectives
64
1
Chapter Overview
64
1
Command Syntax
65
1
What Are Parameters?
65
1
Reading a Syntax Diagram
66
1
Using Fixed Parameters with the DIR Command
66
1
Activity: Using Fixed Parameters with the DIR Command
67
4
Using File Names as Variable Parameters
71
1
Activity: Using a File Name as a Variable Parameter
72
3
Repeating Commands Using the Function Keys
75
1
Activity: Repeating a Command Using the Function Keys
75
1
Drives as Device Names
76
1
Defaults
76
1
Activity: Working with Defaults
77
3
A Brief Introduction to Subdirectories---the Path
80
2
Activity: Using Path with the DIR Command
82
1
Changing Defaults
83
1
Activity: Changing the Default Drive
84
2
Changing Directories
86
1
Activity: Changing Directories
86
2
Global File Specifications: Wildcards, the?, and the
88
1
Activity: DIR and Wildcards
88
5
Redirection
93
1
Activity: Redirecting Output to a File
94
1
Redirecting Output to the Printer
95
1
Activity: Redirecting the Output to the Printer
95
2
Getting Help
97
1
Activity: Getting Help with a Command
98
4
Chapter Summary
102
4
Application Assignments
106
7
Disks and Formatting
113
26
Learning Objectives
113
1
Chapter Overview
113
1
Why Format a Disk?
114
1
Structure of a Disk
114
5
Formatting a Disk
119
1
Clarifying Procedures
119
1
Activity: Formatting a Floppy Disk
119
4
Formatting a Disk with a Volume Label
123
1
Activity: Using the /V Option
124
3
The LABEL Command
127
1
Activity: Using the LABEL Command
127
1
Formatting a Disk Using the /Q Parameter
128
1
Activity: Using the /Q Parameter
128
1
Bootable and Nonbootable Disks
129
1
Creating a Bootable Disk From the Command Prompt
130
1
Activity: Making a Bootable Disk
130
2
High-Density Disks and Disk Drives
132
1
Chapter Summary
133
4
Application Assignments
137
2
Program Files, Data Files, and Subdirectories
139
56
Learning Objectives
139
1
Chapter Overview
140
1
Why Use the MS-DOS Prompt Screen?
140
1
Program Files, Data Files, and the Operating System
140
1
Shareware
141
1
Activity: Using DIR to Locate the HPB Program
142
2
Using Application Programs and Data Files
144
1
Activity: Using Application Programs and Data Files
144
5
Managing Program and Data Files at the Command Prompt
149
1
Hierarchical Filing System or Tree-Structured Directories
150
4
Creating Subdirectories
154
1
Activity: How to Create Subdirectories
154
4
The Current Directory
158
1
Activity: Using the CD Command
159
1
Relative and Absolute Paths
160
1
Activity: Creating More Subdirectories
161
4
Knowing the Default Directory
165
1
The PROMPT Command
166
1
Activity: Changing the Prompt
166
2
Subdirectory Markers
168
1
Activity: Using Subdirectory Markers
168
4
Changing the Names of Directories
172
1
Activity: Using MOVE to Rename a Directory
172
1
Removing Directories
173
1
Activity: Using the RD Command
174
2
The-DELTREE Command
176
1
Activity: Using DELTREE
176
2
Understanding the PATH Command
178
1
Activity: Using the PATH Command
179
4
Chapter Summary
183
4
Application Assignments
187
8
Internal Commands: COPY and TYPE
195
56
Learning Objectives
195
1
Chapter Overview
195
1
Why Learn Command Line Commands?
196
1
The COPY Command
197
1
Review of File-Naming Rules
198
1
Activity: Making Copies of Files
198
4
Using Long File Names
202
1
Activity: Copying Files with Long File Names
203
1
Using Wildcards with the COPY Command
204
1
Activity: Using Wildcards with the COPY Command
204
1
The TYPE Command
205
1
Activity: Displaying Files Using the TYPE Command
206
3
Dummy Files
209
1
Activity: Using the COPY and TYPE Commands
209
3
Making Additional Files on the Same Disk
212
1
Activity: Using the COPY Command
212
4
Using Wildcards with the Copy Command
216
1
Activity: Using Wildcards with the COPY Command
216
2
Using COPY and DIR with Subdirectories
218
1
Activity: Using COPY with Subdirectories
218
6
Using Subdirectory Markers with the COPY Command
224
1
Activity: Using Shortcuts: The Subdirectory Markers
224
2
Overwriting Files with the COPY Command
226
1
Activity: Overwriting Files Using the COPY Command
227
3
Combining Text Files with the COPY Command
230
1
Activity: Combining Files Using the COPY Command
230
6
Printing Files
236
1
Activity: Printing Files
237
1
Chapter Summary
238
4
Application Assignments
242
9
Using DEL, DELTREE, RENAME, and MOVE
251
57
Learning Objectives
251
1
Chapter Overview
251
1
Eliminating Files with the DEL Command
252
1
Activity: Using the DEL Command
253
2
Deleting Files on Other Drives and Directories
255
1
Activity: Using the DEL Command with Individual Files
256
4
Using Wildcards with the DEL Command
260
1
Activity: Using the DEL Command
261
2
The /P Parameter with the DEL Command
263
1
Activity: Using /P with the DEL Command
263
3
Changing File Names
266
1
Activity: Using the REN Command to Rename Files
266
4
Changing the Names of Subdirectories
270
1
Activity: Using the REN Command to Rename Subdirectories
270
3
Using RENAME with Wildcards
273
1
Activity: Using RENAME with Wildcards
273
2
Using RENAME on Different Drives and Directories
275
1
Activity: Using RENAME on Different Drives
276
4
Moving Files and Renaming Directories
280
1
Activity: Moving Files and Renaming Directories
281
7
DELTREE Revisited
288
1
Activity: Using RD and DELTREE
288
2
Backing Up Your DATA Disk
290
1
Activity: Backing Up with the DISKCOPY Command
291
2
Backing Up Files with the COPY Command
293
2
Chapter Summary
295
4
Application Assignments
299
9
Using ATTRIB, SUBST, XCOPY, DOSKEY, and the MS-DOS Text Editor
308
57
Learning Objectives
308
1
Chapter Overview
308
1
File Attributes and the ATTRIB Command
309
1
Activity: Using ATTRIB to Make Files Read-only
310
5
Using the Hidden and Archive Attributes with ATTRIB
315
1
Activity: Using the Hand the a Attributes
315
6
The SUBST Command
321
1
Activity: Using SUBST
321
2
The XCOPY Command
323
1
Activity: Using the XCOPY Command
324
8
Multiple XCOPY Parameters
332
1
Activity: Using Multiple XCOPY Parameters
333
4
DOSKEY
337
1
Activity: Loading and Using DOSKEY
338
4
The MS-DOS Text Editor
342
2
Activity: Using the MS-DOS Text Editor
344
9
Chapter Summary
353
3
Application Assignments
356
9
Organizing and Managing Your Hard Disk
365
56
Learning Objectives
365
1
Chapter Overview
365
1
Why Organize a Hard Disk?
366
4
Methods of Organizing a Hard Disk
370
4
Organizing a Disk
374
1
Activity: Making a Copy of the DATA Disk
374
2
Organizing the DATA Disk
376
1
Activity: Setting Up the PROG Subdirectory
377
2
The MOVE Command Revisited
379
1
Activity: Using MOVE to Organize Your Disk
380
4
A Utility Program---RNS.EXE
384
1
Activity: Using RNS, a Rename Subdirectory Utility
384
2
Checking a Disk and Memory
386
1
Activity: Using the CHKDSK Command
387
4
The Verbose Parameter with the CHKDSK Command
391
1
Activity: Using the /V Parameter; Using DIR Parameters
391
4
Contiguous and Noncontiguous Files
395
3
Activity: Using CHKDSK to See If Files Are Contiguous
398
3
Using CHKDSK to Repair Disk Problems
401
2
ScanDisk
403
1
Activity: Using ScanDisk on the DATA Disk
404
4
Defragmenting Your Disk
408
1
Activity: Defragmenting Your Disk
408
3
Chapter Summary
411
4
Application Assignments
415
6
Pipes, Filters, and Redirection
421
34
Learning Objectives
421
1
Chapter Overview
421
1
Redirection of Standard I/O (Input/Output)
422
1
Activity: Using the < to Redirect Standard Output
423
2
Activity: Using the < to Redirect Standard Input
425
2
Activity: Using the >> to Add Redirected Output to a File
427
1
Filters
428
1
The SORT Command
428
1
Activity: Using SORT
429
2
Filters and Redirection
431
1
Activity: Using the SORT Command with Redirection
431
3
The FIND Filter
434
1
Activity: Using the FIND Filter
434
2
Pipes
436
1
The MORE Filter
437
1
Activity: Using the MORE Filter
437
5
Combining Commands with Pipes and Filters
442
1
Activity: Combining Commands
442
3
Chapter Summary
445
4
Application Assignments
449
6
Introduction to Batch Files
455
63
Learning Objectives
455
1
Chapter Overview
456
1
Concepts of Batch and Interactive Processing
456
1
How Batch Files Work
457
1
Using Edit to Write Batch Files
458
1
Activity: Writing and Executing a Batch File
458
3
Writing and Executing a Batch File to Save Keystrokes
461
1
Activity: Writing and Executing a One-letter Batch File
462
2
Using Batch Files to Load Application Software
464
1
Activity: Using the HPB Application Package
465
4
Writing a Batch File to Load an Application Program
469
1
Activity: Writing a Batch File to Execute HPB
470
2
Creating Shortcuts for Batch Files on the Desktop
472
1
Activity: Creating a Shortcut on the Desktop
472
4
Special Batch File Commands
476
1
The REM Command
477
1
Activity: Using REM
477
2
The ECHO Command
479
1
Activity: Using ECHO
480
2
The PAUSE Command
482
1
Activity: Using PAUSE
482
3
Stopping a Batch File from Executing
485
1
Activity: Quitting a Batch File
485
1
Replaceable Parameters in Batch Files
486
1
Activity: Using Replaceable Parameters
487
5
Multiple Replaceable Parameters in Batch Files
492
1
Activity: Using Multiple Replaceable Parameters
492
6
Creating Useful Batch Files
498
1
Activity: Writing Useful Batch Files
498
5
Understanding AUTOEXEC.BAT
503
1
Activity: Writing and Using an AUTOEXEC.BAT File
504
4
Controlling the Boot Process
508
1
Activity: Bypassing AUTOEXEC.BAT
509
1
Chapter Summary
510
3
Application Assignments
513
5
Advanced Batch Files
518
73
Learning Objectives
518
1
Chapter Overview
519
1
Batch File Commands
519
1
A Review of the REM, PAUSE, and ECHO Commands
520
1
Advanced Features of ECHO and REM
521
1
Activity: Using ::, ECHO, CTTY, and NUL
521
3
The GOTO Command
524
1
Activity: Using the GOTO Command
524
2
The SHIFT Command
526
1
Activity: Using the SHIFT Command
526
7
The IF Command
533
1
IF Command Using Strings
534
1
Activity: Using the IF Command with Strings
534
2
Testing for Null Values
536
1
Activity: Using Null Values
537
3
The IF EXIST/IF NOT EXIST Command
540
1
Activity: Using IF EXIST to Test for a File
540
4
The IF ERRORLEVEL Command Testing
544
1
Activity: Using IF ERRORLEVEL with XCOPY
544
2
Writing Programs to Test for Key Codes
546
1
Activity: Writing a Script File
547
3
The CHOICE Command
550
1
Activity: Using CHOICE
550
3
The Environment
553
1
Activity: Using SET and the Environment in Batch Files
554
6
The DIRCMD Environmental Variable
560
1
Activity: Using DIRCMD
560
2
The FOR..IN..DO Command
562
1
Activity: Using the FOR..IN..DO Command
563
7
The CALL Command
570
1
Activity: Using CALL
570
7
Chapter Summary
577
5
Application Assignments
582
9
Understanding Memory, the Boot Process, and System Configuration
591
46
Learning Objectives
591
1
Chapter Overview
592
1
Take Precautions
592
1
Activity: Making a Startup Disk
592
3
Backing Up Other Critical Files
595
1
Activity: Backing Up Initialization and Group Files
596
2
The Registry Files
598
1
Activity: Backing Up the Registry Files
598
5
Configuration Files---CONFIG.SYS and AUTOEXEC.BAT
603
2
Activity: Backing Up Your Configuration Files
605
1
Configuration Files on a Bootable Disk
606
1
Activity: Refining Your Startup Disk
606
3
Booting Windows 95
609
3
Adding Devices to Your System
612
1
Read-Only Activity: Installing a Printer
613
2
Memory
615
2
The MEM Command
617
1
Activity: Using the MEM Command
618
2
Memory and Configuration Files
620
1
Activity: Managing Memory with Configuration Files
620
5
Memory and Windows 95
625
1
Virtual Memory
626
1
Activity: System Information
627
2
The Swap File
629
1
Read-Only Activity: Setting Up Your Swap File
630
2
Chapter Summary
632
5
Connectivity
637
59
Learning Objectives
637
1
Chapter Overview
637
1
Networks (LANs and WANs)
638
2
Setting Up Your Network
640
1
Activity: Identifying a Computer to the Network
641
5
Sharing Printers on Your Network
646
1
Activity: Sharing Printers on the Network
646
6
Sharing Your Hard Drive on Your Network
652
1
Activity: Sharing Drives on the Network
652
7
Sharing Only a Folder on Your Hard Drive on Your Network
659
1
Activity: Sharing a Folder on the Network
659
2
Mapping Drives
661
1
Activity: Mapping Drives on the Network
661
5
The Internet
666
2
Activity: a Brief Look at Internet Explorer
668
7
An Overview of TCP/IP
675
3
TCP/IP Utilities---The Command Line Interface with the Internet
678
1
IPCONFIG and WINIPCFG
679
1
Activity: Using IPCONFIG and WINIPCFG
680
2
Ping
682
1
Activity: Using Ping
682
2
Tracert
684
1
Activity: Using Tracert
684
2
FTP
686
1
Activity: Using FTP
686
4
Chapter Summary
690
5
Application Assignments
695
1
Protecting Your System: Backing Up and the Registry
696
67
Learning Objectives
696
1
Chapter Overview
696
1
Procedures
697
1
Backing Up Your System
698
1
Activity: Using Backup
699
8
Restore
707
1
Activity: Restoring Files
708
5
The Startup Disk
713
1
Activity: Making and Using a Startup Disk in Windows 98
713
4
Initialization Files
717
1
The Registry
718
2
Backing Up the Registry
720
1
Backing Up the Registry by Copying the Registry Files
721
1
Activity: Backing Up the Registry by Using BKUPREG.BAT
721
1
Backing Up the Registry Using CFGBACK (Windows 95)
722
1
Activity: Backing Up the Registry Using CFGBACK (Windows 95)
722
3
The Registry Checker (Windows 98)
725
2
Activity: Using SCANREGW (Windows 98)
727
2
Restoring the Registry (Windows 98)
729
1
Alternatives to Editing the Registry
729
1
Structure of the Registry
730
4
Files and the Registry
734
4
REGEDIT
738
2
Using REGEDIT to Add Actions to a Context Menu
740
1
Activity: Using REGEDIT to Open WordPad
741
8
Using REGEDIT to See Your Bitmap Icons
749
1
Activity: Using REGEDIT to See Your Bitmap Icons
749
6
Altering the Save Settings on Exit
755
1
Activity: Using REGEDIT to Disable Save Settings
756
1
Chapter Summary
757
5
Application Assignments
762
1
Appendix A Installing the WINDOSBK Directory and Shareware Registration
763
6
Appendix B Command Summary
769
12
Appendix C ANSI.SYS Keyboard Scancode Values
781
3
Appendix D Adding Windows Components
784
5
Glossary
789
22
Index
811